Partitioning characteristics of PAHs between sediment and water in a shallow lake

Goal, Scope and Background

Distribution of hydrophobic organic contaminants in abiotic compartments is essential for describing their transfer and fate in aquatic ecosystems. Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater lake in China. Water quality of Taihu Lake has deteriorated greatly during the last decades and has threatened the water supply. The aim of the present study was to investigate the partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among overlying water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), sediments, and pore water in Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake and to provide useful information for the ecological engineering in this area.

Materials and Methods

Overlying water and surface sediment were sampled from six sites in Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China. Within 72 h of sampling, sediments were centrifuged to obtain the pore water. Overlying water samples were filtered to separate dissolved and SPM samples. After extraction, samples were purified following a clean-up procedure. PAH fraction was obtained by elution with a mixture of hexane: DCM (7:3, V/V) and analyzed by GC/MS.

Results

PAHs concentrations in overlying water varied from 37.5 ng/L to 183.5 ng/L. Concentrations of PAHs in pore water were higher than those in overlying water. The total concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in sediments ranged from 2091.8 ng/g-dw to 4094.4 ng/g-dw. PAHs concentrations on SPM were decreased with suspended solid concentrations (SSC). Total PAHs concentrations on SPM varied in the range of 3369.6 ng/g-dw to 7531.1 ng/g-dw. The partition coefficients between sediment and overlying water (log K _oc) for PAHs with log K _ow<5 were positively correlated with their octanol-water partition coefficients (log K _ow) (n=39, r=0.79, p<0.0001). Partition coefficients between sediment and pore water (log K _oc′) for all PAHs were also significantly correlated with their log K _ow values (n=48, r=0.82, p<0.0001).

Discussion

In general, PAHs derived from combustion sources tend to bind strongly to soot particles in natural sediment. Consequentially, K _oc values observed in the natural environment could be orders of magnitude higher than those predicted by linear correlation relationships under laboratory conditions. In the present study, the ratio of log K _oc values to log K _ow values falls consistently above 1, indicating that the sediment soot carbon in the bay was more attractive for PAHs than n-octanol. The log K _oc′ was also higher than that predicted under laboratory conditions, suggesting that the measured pore water PAH concentrations were lower than those predicted. That is to say, not all the sediment PAHs can be available to partition rapidly into sediment pore waters. A variation in soot content is a possible reason. Furthermore, concentrations of PAHs on SPM were higher than those in sediments. The compositions of PAHs on SPM and in sediments were similar, indicating the importance of re-suspension process of sediments in the partitioning process of the shallow lake.

Conclusions

The results indicated the equilibrium partitioning model could be used to predict PAHs distribution in various phases of a shallow lake in the stagnation period, but re-suspension processes should be considered to modify the relationship between log K _ocs and log K _ows.

Recommendations and Perspectives

Concentration, particle size and composition of resuspended particles could affect the relationship between log K _ocs and log K _ows. Further work should be done under field conditions, especially where a steady thermodynamic equilibrium state could be assumed.

     

不同地表覆被下南四湖表层底泥营养元素分布特征

对南四湖水生植被区、农田居民地、养殖区、自然水面的29个采样点表层底泥TN、TP和TOC的含量进行分析,揭示了不同地表覆被下表层底泥中营养元素的分布特征,通过对底泥和上层覆水所含营养元素进行相关分析,探讨了营养元素的可能来源。利用有机指数,对底泥有机污染进行了分析。结果表明:南四湖养殖区和农田居民地已经出现富营养化现象,水生植被区和自然水面还尚未受到富营养化威胁。表层底泥的TN主要来自内源有机氮,TP主要来自外源无机磷。     

基于GIS的南四湖沿岸农业面源氮磷负荷估算研究

以济宁市沿南四湖县区乡镇为主要研究区,根据降雨径流和土壤侵蚀量,运用遥感(RS)影像和地理信息系统(GIS),确定土壤通用流失方程(USLE)各参数,运用USLE对南四湖沿岸氮磷流失模数进行定量估算,为南四湖沿岸农业氮磷流失的消减与控制提供科学依据。结果表明:USLE模型计算的氮磷流失量主要集中在湖西区域,以喻屯镇、王鲁镇和唐口镇的流失量居于前列,最高的喻屯镇氮、磷流失量分别达439.9t/a和271t/a;湖东区域,石桥镇、马坡镇、欢城镇和韩庄镇的氮磷流失量居于前列,最高的石桥镇氮和磷流失分别为174t/a和120.6t/a。农田实际调查的氮和磷的流失量与模型计算值趋势较一致,两者呈极显著线性正相关(p<0.01)。氮的模型计算流失量略低于实际调查流失量,而磷的模型计算流失量远远高于实际调查流失量。主要是因为南四湖沿岸农田氮的流失是氮的主要流失形式,远高于畜禽养殖和生活排污的氮流失。而磷的流失主要来自畜禽养殖,其次才是农田流失磷。     

3S技术在鄱阳湖洲滩植被研究中的应用

为了给鄱阳湖洲滩植被的监测、保护与合理利用提供必要的依据 ,将 RS技术 (Landsat-7ETM+ )与 GPS技术、GIS技术相结合 ,对鄱阳湖洲滩植被的分布、面积与生物量进行了研究 ,据假彩色合成图描绘了鄱阳湖洲滩植被图 .结果表明 :(1) Landsat-7ETM+假彩色合成图显示 ,鄱阳湖洲滩植被主要分布于该湖的南部和西部 ,东部只有少量分布 ,北部几乎无分布 ;(2 )到 2 0 0 0年 4月 16日止 ,鄱阳湖洲滩植被总面积为 10 18.74km2 ,占全湖总面积的 3 3 .65 % ,其中单位面积生物量≥ 4kg/ m2 的植被面积为 44 4.5 3km2 ;(3 ) ETM+ 4的亮度值 X与单位面积生物量 Y间的回归方程为 Y=-4 897.11+ 87.68X;(4 )全湖洲滩植被总生物量为3 .81× 10 6 t,洲滩植被平均单位面积生物量为 3 .73 60 kg/ m2 .     

鄱阳湖生态经济区粮食产量的影响因素分析

鄱阳湖生态经济区是中国南方粮食生产的重要区域,为推进鄱阳湖生态经济区战略,保障粮食生产,加快发展现代农业,利用鄱阳湖生态经济区域内25个县市的粮食产量的相关数据进行相关分析、主成分分析和通径分析,探讨影响鄱阳湖生态经济区粮食产量的主要影响因素。研究结果表明,粮食作物播种面积的影响最大,其次是有效灌溉面积和化肥使用量（折纯量）。鄱阳湖生态经济区的粮食生产在农业科技投入上仍需加强,同时要处理好粮食生产与保护生态环境之间的关系,大力发展可持续的新型生态农业。     

基于感知和行为视角的校园滨水景观偏好研究 ——以福建农林大学观音湖为例

基于人群感知和行为视角,以福建农林大学观音湖为研究对象,通过拍照试验、访谈问卷、扫描观察收集数据,采用词频分析、照片分析、GIS技术分析,分析景观元素、景观感知以及驻留点、观景点、景点、视线廊道的空间特征,以获得游览者对滨水景观偏好特征,采用核密度分析,得到游客景观点的热点分布。结果表明,词频分析预测出游客关注湖区丰富的景观元素,以静态观赏和行进式观赏方式游览观音湖,舒适的湖区环境让游客感到心情愉悦、平静;空间角度,游览者的驻留点分布与观景点分布具有显著的一致性,表明优美的空间环境和良好的观景位置有利于游客驻留行为的产生;游览者对滨水景观的偏好是由“丰富性—功能性—特色性”三大属性特征相互协调、影响而形成的三维耦合结构模型。     

洞庭湖滩地造林成活率的关键影响因子

用样行法对洞庭湖滩地新造速生丰产纸浆林的成活率进行调查,同时了解造林地连续4 a汛期的水文规律和海拔高程的演变过程,通过分析造林成活率与主要影响因子之间的关系,发现淹水时间为滩地造林的限制性因子,营造速生丰产林、一般用材林和短周期工业原料林时,造林地年淹水天数依次不能超过19、35和62 d;苗木等级对造林成活率有重大影响,特级苗、Ⅰ级苗、Ⅱ级苗、Ⅲ级苗的平均成活率在海拔低于32 m的造林地上分别为68.8%、49.3%、18.7%、2.4%,在海拔超过32 m的造林地上分别为98.8%、79.6%、36.4%、14.7%;采用开沟抬垄整地可减轻涝渍胁迫,从而大幅度提高造林成活率.     

环滇池地区2000-2020年“三生”空间格局演变及其驱动力

[目的] 研究环滇池地区“三生”空间格局演变及驱动力,为研究区国土空间优化和滇池保护提供支撑。[方法] 基于环滇池地区2000,2005,2010,2015和2020年5个时期土地利用和社会经济数据,采用空间分析、动态度、转移矩阵、景观格局指数和地理探测器等方法,分析环滇池地区2000—2020年“三生”空间格局演变及驱动力。[结果] ①环滇池地区生态空间和生产空间持续缩减,生活空间逐渐增加;“三生”空间综合动态度波动上升,但生产空间和生态空间单一动态度持续下降;生态空间和生产空间缩减区域与生活空间扩张区域均主要位于滇池周边;官渡区、安宁市和呈贡区“三生”空间变化最为剧烈。②空间转移特征表现为：生态空间和生产空间主要转向生活空间,生活空间主要转向生产空间;生态空间主要来源于生产空间,生产空间主要来源于生态空间,生活空间来源于生产空间和生态空间。③景观格局指数显示,“三生”空间破碎化有所降低,但仍处于较高水平,斑块形状先复杂后简单,凝聚程度先下降后紧实,“三生”空间中斑块呈现均匀化分布趋势,景观多样性增强。④自然地理因素是“三生”空间格局演变的基础性决定条件,社会经济因子是“三生”空间格局演变的直接推动力,政策规划因子是“三生”空间格局演变的间接推动力。[结论] 环滇池地区“三生”空间动态变化显著,空间差异明显,格局演变受到自然地理、社会经济和政策规划因子多重作用。     

洞庭湖区典型蔬菜土壤镉、铜、锌、铅含量状况及评价

采用单项污染指数和综合污染指数法对湖南洞庭湖区典型蔬菜土壤Cd,Cu,Zn,Pb含量状况进行了评价。结果表明,与湖南省潮土土壤背景值相比,土壤Cd,Cu和Zn含量明显富集,Pb含量总体不高。与国家土壤质量二级标准(GB15618-1995)相比,洞庭湖区蔬菜土壤以Cd污染为主,其次是Zn和Cu。Pb含量没有超标,其中湘阴县、沅江市、资阳区和赫山区蔬菜土壤环境质量为轻度污染,华容县处于警戒水平,需要修复治理或者改变土地利用方式。君山区和南县蔬菜土壤为清洁水平,适宜发展无公害蔬菜。污染风险高的区域土壤Cd,Cu和Zn之间存在极显著或显著正相关关系,但相关性弱。     

洞庭湖水系水沙特性及参数间的相关性研究

研究洞庭湖水文泥沙参数间的相关性,分析泥沙的冲於演变规律,为正确评价洞庭湖的淤积特性和江湖淤积的有效治理提供理论支撑。基于湘潭站等9座重要水文站2002-2016年间的水文泥沙监测资料,系统梳理洞庭湖水系的水沙特性及水文泥沙参数间的相关性。研究表明:松滋西河、澧水和洞庭湖2016年的年径流量相比2002年增大0.3%～16.2%,其他河道降低2.9%～34.2%;资水的泥沙中值粒径2002-2016年降低57.1%,其他河道增大26.7%～300%;资水和洞庭湖2016年的年均含沙量、年输沙量相比2002年分别增大21.5%～22.2%、5.7%～40.6%,其他河道分别降低13.6%～82.9%、6.7%～88.8%;参数间相关性由强到弱排序为年均含沙量-年输沙量、年径流量-年输沙量、年径流量-年均含沙量、年均含沙量-中值粒径、年输沙量-中值粒径、年径流量-中值粒径;东、南洞庭湖入湖泥沙量和淤积量在时序上分别下降29.9%、144.73%,出湖泥沙量、排沙比分别增大55.72%、113.7%;西洞庭湖入湖泥沙量、出湖泥沙量、淤积量、排沙比在时序上降低24.06%～88.24%。三峡水库蓄水拦沙的作用降低了洞庭湖的入湖沙量、淤积量,增大了排沙量和排沙比,有利于洞庭湖寿命的延长。