Patterns of protein glycosylation in bovine placentomes as a function of gestational age and in retained versus non‐retained placenta

The formation of placenta at the beginning of pregnancy and its separation at parturition require not only deep remodelling of extracellular matrix, which mainly consists of proteins conjugated with sugar moieties, but also the cooperation with cells from both maternal and foetal parts of placenta. The aim of the study was to compare the patterns of selected conjugated proteins with sugar moieties between pregnant and term placenta as well as between released and retained placenta in cows. Placental samples from healthy pregnant cows (3–5 months of pregnancy) were collected at a slaughterhouse (n = 6), and parturient samples were collected during caesarean section at term and retrospectively divided into retained (n = 6) and released (n = 6). The pattern of selected sugar moieties conjugated with proteins was detected by use of lectin blotting with Phaseolus Vulgaris leucoagglutinin, Maackia Amurensis and Sambucus Nigra (Elderberry). The comparison and analysis of obtained band patterns showed differences between their number, molecular weight and abundance related to the intensity of staining. Samples from 3 to 4 months showed similarities, while at the 5th month, clear differences were visible in all 3 lectins, which were used in this study. Samples from retained/released placenta expressed significant differences in PHA‐L and SNA pattern in the foetal part. Obtained results indicate that the development of placenta related to extracellular matrix and accompanying cells from both sides of placenta shows dynamic changes during pregnancy. Moreover, in the case of animals with the retention of foetal membranes the patterns of proteins conjugated with sugar moieties are altered, suggesting that the changes in extracellular matrix metabolism can be involved in the attachment and detachment of the placenta in cows.     

印记基因对哺乳动物胚胎和胎盘发育的调控机制

印记基因在调控哺乳动物的众多生命进程中发挥着重要作用,尤其是在生命形成初期,印记基因通过表观遗传修饰决定等位基因的表达和沉默,调节着胚胎和胎盘的生长发育。印记基因在胎盘和胚胎中的表达紊乱与胎儿生长受限、发育停止以及甲状腺脱毒症等密切相关,因此深入探索印记基因对胚胎和胎盘发育的调节机理对于哺乳动物胎儿宫内发育迟缓、出生缺陷以及后期疾病的预防具有重要的指导意义。本文综述了印记基因的主要特点、性腺中印记的擦除、重建与表观遗传修饰及印记基因调控哺乳动物胚胎和胎盘发育的最新研究进展。     

An investigation into uterine capacity based on litter and placental characteristics in two sow lines with different prolificacy (Danish Landrace x Danish Yorkshire versus German Saddleback)

Litter size in modern so called hyperprolific pig (Sus scrofa Linnaeus) breeds such as of crossbred Danish Landrace x Danish Yorkshire (LY/YL) sows increased remarkably over recent years, however, commonly associated with reduced piglet birth weight and higher within litter birth weight variability likely due to a limited uterine capacity. Since investigation into this issue is patchy, the aim of this study was to investigate uterine capacity based on litter and placental characteristics in two sow lines with different prolificacy, that is crossbred Danish genetic (Danish Landrace x Danish Yorkshire; DG; n = 14) and purebred German Saddleback (GS) sows (n = 12). Parameters recorded were litter size, piglet birth weight and vitality, placental weight and surface area as well as placental vascularization. Litters of DG were on average larger than of GS (p < .001). Piglets of DG weighed on average less than GS (p < .001) and were less vital (p < .001–.142). Increasing litter size was associated with reduced piglet birth weight and increased within litter birth weight variability in GS, but not in DG. DG had on average a lower placental weight (p < .001) and smaller placentae (p < .001) than GS, but the placenta was on average more efficient than of GS (based on the quotient of piglet and corresponding placental weight; p < .001). Vascularization of placentae was on average not or only slightly different between breeds (p < .05 – .982). Remarkably, however, vascularization of the lateral and apical chorionic epithelium of the chorionic ridges as the immediate foetal/maternal interface was on average slightly higher in DG than GS (p < .05–.111). Results thus demonstrate that uterine capacity based on litter and placental characteristics is higher in DG than GS sows.     

天花粉蛋白对黄牛产后胎衣脱落及受胎率的影响

以淮北黄牛为对象，在正常分娩后不同时间，用生理盐水溶解天花粉蛋白胶囊，而后灌注入黄牛子宫粘膜与胎衣之间，观察其对胎衣脱落及受胎率的影响。结果，分娩后４，１２ｈ给药组及对照组，用药后胎衣脱落时间分别为４．５９，９．１５ｈ及５６．０８ｈ；胎衣完整率为９０．７％，８７．８％及６８．６％；产后首次发情时间平均为６０．７５，６６．２９ｄ及７４．７５ｄ；试验组与对照组差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。两试验组与对照组比较，１次受胎率分别提高３３．９８％和２７．６７％；２次受胎率提高３７．９４％和２８．５８％；３次受胎率提高２３３．２９％和１９９．９４％。结果显示，天花粉蛋白能促进胎衣及时完整地排出，并显著提高受胎率     

胎盘糖代谢对猪宫内发育迟缓的调控作用

宫内发育迟缓（intrauterine growth retardation,IUGR）是指胚胎或其器官在怀孕期间生长和发育受阻,表现为后代生长发育受限或停滞。初生低体重或极低体重是IUGR仔猪的主要特征。IUGR严重影响新生仔猪的存活和后期的生长发育。诱发IUGR的原因包括母体在妊娠期间养分摄入不足、发病、环境应激以及子宫和胎盘功能异常等。猪作为多胎家畜,受IUGR影响最为严重,主要原因在于妊娠期间母猪无法提供足够的养分满足子宫角上所有胎儿正常生长发育的需要。胎盘作为母子之间唯一的联系,胎盘营养物质能否正常转运与代谢是影响胎儿发育的重要因素。碳水化合物是胎儿宫内发育最主要的能量底物,胎盘的糖类转运及代谢异常对IUGR的形成至关重要。在糖代谢的过程中,葡萄糖、磷酸戊糖和果糖可以通过葡萄糖转运蛋白、胎盘滋养层细胞和血管生成等对仔猪宫内发育起到调控作用。文章阐述了胎盘糖代谢对仔猪宫内发育迟缓的调控作用,以期为减少IUGR发生及改善IUGR仔猪的生长发育提供科学依据。     

胎衣不下奶牛胎盘中孕酮和雌激素含量变化的研究

通过研究胎衣不下奶牛胎盘组织中孕酮和雌激素的含量变化,探讨了奶牛发生胎衣不下的内分泌学机制.将20头奶牛分为健康对照组和胎衣不下组,分别采集健康奶牛和胎衣不下奶牛的胎儿胎盘,制备胎盘组织匀浆液,用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测其中的孕酮和雌激素的含量.结果发现,胎衣不下组奶牛胎盘组织中的孕酮含量高于健康对照组奶牛,差异极显著(P<0.01);而雌激素含量低于健康对照组,差异极显著(P<0.01).表明胎盘组织中孕酮和雌激素的含量与奶牛胎衣不下的发生密切相关.     

黄花棘豆生物碱对体外大鼠卵黄囊胎盘结构及功能的影响

结合电镜技术 ,应用体外全胚胎培养 (WEC)方法 ,观察了黄花棘豆生物碱对大鼠卵黄囊 (YS)胎盘及胚胎的影响。结果表明 ,黄花棘豆生物碱质量浓度在 5 0 μg/ m L 以上时 ,YS血管分化程度明显减低 ,对胚胎器官形态学分化的影响有剂量反应关系 ;质量浓度在 2 0 0 μg/ m L 时 ,YS直径和畸胎数与对照组有显著差异。电镜观察发现 ,剂量在 5 0 μg/ m L 以上时 ,YS上皮细胞微绒毛稀疏变短 ,胞质中贮液泡减少 ,线粒体、内质网等内膜系统发生多种细胞病理学改变 ,细胞间隙增宽 ,连接复合体破坏。表明 YS血管分化及其超微结构对棘豆生物碱反应敏感 ,其分化程度与对胚胎发育程度的影响一致 ,可以认为 YS结构与功能受损是黄花棘豆生物碱导致胚胎发育毒性所致     

剖腹产绵羊胎衣不下的子宫电活动

１只剖腹产绵羊胎衣不下５ｄ的子宫电活动表明：术后第１天子宫各部位电活动同时起步,子宫峰电振幅较强,电活动率较高,以后均逐渐减少;峰电活动期的平均时程：子宫体后４天比第１天显著增加,空角无明显变化,孕角后３天比第２天显著减少;第２天开始电活动由子宫体向子宫角方向移行;后３天子宫体电活动率比子宫角多     

胎衣不下奶牛与健康奶牛胎盘中前列腺素和血管紧张素含量的比较

通过对胎盘组织中前列腺素和血管紧张素的含量比较,探讨奶牛发生胎衣不下的内分泌学机制.将20头奶牛分为健康对照组和胎衣不下组,采集健康奶牛和胎衣不下奶牛的胎儿胎盘,制备胎盘组织匀浆液,用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测其中的前列腺素(PGE2)和血管紧张素Ⅱ的含量.试验发现,胎衣不下组奶牛胎盘组织中前列腺素(PGE2)和血管紧张素Ⅱ的含量极显著低于健康组(P＜0.01).结果表明,胎盘组织中前列腺素和血管紧张素的含量与奶牛发生胎衣不下的关系密切.     

羊胎盘制剂对小鼠免疫功能的影响

将羊胎盘提取物按一定比例辅以其他原料配制成胎盘制剂,以小鼠为实验动物进行了免疫功能影响的动物试验.结果表明,灌胃羊胎盘制剂的小鼠其胸腺指数、脾脏指数、左右侧耳重差(迟发型变态反应指标)和抗体积数(血清溶血素)均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),其中高剂量组小鼠的左右侧耳重差和抗体积数极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01).因此,所研制的羊胎盘制剂具有增强小鼠免疫力的功效.