活性炭对梅花鹿胎盘寡肽脱色脱腥条件的优化研究

利用活性炭的吸附作用,对梅花鹿胎盘寡肽脱色脱腥的最佳工艺进行研究。通过正交试验方差分析研究脱色脱腥过程中的最佳工艺条件。各试验因素对脱色率的影响顺序为:添加量>脱色温度>脱色时间;对于寡肽损失率的影响顺序为:添加量>脱色时间>脱色温度。结果表明:利用活性炭对梅花鹿胎盘寡肽脱色脱腥的最佳工艺条件为:活性炭用量2.0%,脱色pH值11,脱色温度70℃,脱色时间60min。此工艺条件下脱色率为74.8%,寡肽损失率为19.5%,无腥味。     

Influence of the duration of calving and obstetric assistance on the placental retention index in Holstein dairy cows

The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of duration of calving and obstetric assistance on retained placenta incidence of high milk production Holstein cows. Experimental groups were determined according to the duration of the expulsive phase of calving: 2 h (n = 16), 2‐4 h (n = 16) and >4 h (n = 12), and additionally allocated in two sub‐groups: spontaneous calving (n = 22) and intervention calving (n = 22). Diagnosis of retained placenta was considered with a threshold of 8 h after the expulsive phase. Cows without obstetric intervention, with labor duration of 2 h, presented reduced time needed for placental release, in comparison to those with obstetric assistance. In the 2–4 h group and >4 h, there was no statistical difference. The 2 h and 2–4 h groups with intervention and the spontaneous >4 h group were considered retained placenta groups. On the other hand, performing obstetric intervention when calving period was superior to 4 h nulled the occurrence of retention of fetal membranes. As a conclusion, obstetric assistance predisposes placental retention to calving with <2 h of duration in dairy cows. Conversely, when calving is more than 4 h, performing fetal extraction has a beneficial influence on preventing retained placenta.     

Serum concentrations of leptin in pregnant and non-pregnant bitches

Leptin regulates body weight and several physiological processes including reproduction. We evaluated the circulating levels of leptin in pregnant and non-pregnant bitches as well as their correlation with body weight, food intake and number of foetuses. Nineteen healthy German shepherd bitches were used and divided in two groups (pregnant n = 12 and non-pregnant n = 7). Blood samples were collected every 15 days starting from ovulation (Day 0) throughout pregnancy (pregnant group, P) or throughout luteal phase (non-pregnant group, NP) In pregnant bitches, leptin concentrations increased from the day of ovulation (1.32 ± 0.06 ng/ml) up to day 45 (1.51 ± 0.06 ng/ml; p < .01) and returned to baseline values from day 60 post-ovulation. In non-pregnant bitches, leptin concentrations remained constant throughout the whole observation period (estimated marginal mean ± SE=1.33 ± 0.38 ng/ml). Pairwise comparisons showed significant differences between P and NP at day 45 post-ovulation (p < .05). Multivariable models indicated that, controlling for time and litter size, there was a positive relationship between leptin concentration and BW (p < .05) although Pearson coefficients showed that the correlation between BW and leptin was only significant in NP animals at day 45 (r = 0.76, p < .05). The multivariable approach also suggested that, holding BW and time constant, leptin concentrations tend to increase as the number of puppies increased (p = .06). Our study supports indirectly the contribution of the feto-placental unit to the circulating maternal leptin concentration.     

Physiological development of the equine fetus during late gestation

In many species, the pattern of growth and physiological development in utero has an important role in determining not only neonatal viability but also adult phenotype and disease susceptibility. Changes in fetal development induced by a range of environmental factors including maternal nutrition, disease, placental insufficiency and social stresses have all been shown to induce adult cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction that often lead to ill health in later life. Compared to other precocious animals, much less is known about the physiological development of the fetal horse or the longer-term impacts on its phenotype of altered development in early life because of its inaccessibility in utero, large size and long lifespan. This review summaries the available data on the normal metabolic, cardiovascular and endocrine development of the fetal horse during the second half of gestation. It also examines the responsiveness of these physiological systems to stresses such as hypoglycaemia and hypotension during late gestation. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of the equine placenta and fetal endocrine glands in mediating the changes in fetal development seen towards term and in response to nutritional and other environmental cues. The final part of the review presents the evidence that the early life environment of the horse can alter its subsequent metabolic, cardiovascular and endocrine phenotype as well as its postnatal growth and bone development. It also highlights the immediate neonatal environment as a key window of susceptibility for programming of equine phenotype. Although further studies are needed to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved, developmental programming of physiological phenotype is likely to have important implications for the health and potential athletic performance of horses, particularly if born with abnormal bodyweight, premature or dysmature characteristics or produced by assisted reproductive technologies, indicative of an altered early life environment.     

衣滞康散对胎衣不下奶牛血液流变学指标的影响

1材料与方法 1．1药物衣滞康散主要成分为血竭、桃仁、红花、当归、木鳖子、土鳖虫、益母草等,由石河子大学科技处研制并保存。     

一株产酶真菌扁座壳孢菌形态学鉴定及培养条件优化

座壳孢(Aschersonia Montagne)是一类重要的虫生真菌,在其侵染害虫过程中产生的蛋白酶是重要毒力因子。本文通过分析子座形态及分生孢子、侧丝等数据,确定菌株WYSD-16为扁座壳孢(Aschersonia placenta Berk.et Br.)。为进一步开发研究该菌株,对其产蛋白酶最佳培养基和培养条件进行了研究。结果表明:该菌最佳产酶培养基:40g/L的麦芽糖,20g/L的蛋白胨,4×10-4mol/L Mg2+,400mg/L的VB6,p H值6.0;最佳产酶条件为:接菌量8ml,装液量150ml/250ml,菌龄5d,培养时间10d。     

归芎益母散对奶牛血瘀型胎衣不下的治疗作用

为了探讨归芎益母散治疗奶牛血瘀型胎衣不下的作用,将40头血瘀型胎衣不下奶牛,随机分为4组,每组10头,分别为归芎益母散高、中、低剂量组(分别为800、400、200 g/头),以及药物对照组(250 g/头,益母生化散),经口灌服给药,每天1次,用药1 d～3 d。另选10头健康奶牛作为空白对照组。结果表明,与药物对照组(治愈率为70%)比较,高、中、低剂量组治愈率为90%、90%、50%(P>0.05),给药后第0天,与空白对照组比较,患病奶牛ET-1、TXB2显著升高(P<0.01,P<0.05),NO、6-keto-PGF_1ɑ显著降低(P<0.01),ET-1/NO、TXB_2/6-keto-PGF_1ɑ显著增大(P<0.01)。用药后第7、14、21天,与药物对照组相比,高、中剂量组ET-1、TXB_2水平降低,NO、6-keto-PGF_1ɑ水平升高,ET-1/NO、TXB_2/6-keto-PGF_1ɑ减小。说明归芎益母散能够通过对抗内皮功能紊乱和血小板功能紊乱,缓解患牛血瘀状态,从而改善子宫血液循环及微循环障碍,调节子宫节律性收缩,促进子宫内滞留胎衣排出,临床推荐使用剂量为400 g/头,经口灌服,每天1次,用药1 d～3 d。     

Equine placenta – A clinician's perspective. Part 2: Abnormalities

Any insufficiency of the equine placenta has dramatic effects on the developing equine fetus. Placental abnormalities, such as the separation of the chorioallantois from the maternal endometrium or torsion of the umbilical cord, lead to fetal demise, premature labour or abortion. These conditions are each associated with characteristic lesions on the equine placenta, which can be found during a detailed examination. These findings can be very helpful for diagnosing problems and implementing appropriate treatments for mares and affected newborn foals. Furthermore, the retention of the entire placenta or any small fragment thereof can cause metritis, laminitis and sepsis. The prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment of this condition is necessary to save the mare from becoming seriously ill. Therefore, a thorough evaluation of the equine placenta is a crucial element of the post partum evaluation of every brood mare.