不同密度的羊草种群结构及其光照分布的研究

本文报道了耕翻后自然更新的羊草种群不同密度条件下垂直结构及其光照分布特征。结果表明,地上生物量和叶面积指数均以种群中部最大,向上或向下皆逐渐减小。在三种密度中,生物量,叶面积指数,株高,茎高和叶片含水量均随着密度的增大而升高。比叶重和单株绿叶数度增加而降低。     

GI PiCO2: Tissue Specific Monitoring For Improving Patient Outcomes

Improvements in human patient monitoring despite their development in animals, do not always find their way into veterinary clinical use due to financial constraints. Gastrointestinal intraluminal CO₂ partial pressure (Gip₁CO₂) monitoring, however, is not only proving very beneficial in human trauma and critical patient care but is also very likely to become relatively inexpensive. By providing information on the perfusion adequacy of a high risk, critically important tissue, the GI mucosa, GI P₁CO₂ monitoring offers an easily accesible indicator of the efficacy and adequacy of resuscitative interventions. The potential for decreasing morbidity and mortality is enormous. Therefore, the practicing veterinarian should become familiar with GI P₁CO₂ monitoring theory and technology so he or she can be better prepared to incorporate it into practice when in becomes available.     

草粮轮作与农田生态平衡——兼论 Ladino 白三叶的生态经济效益

利用无性繁殖法定植Ｌａｄｉｎｏ白三叶（Ｔｒｉｆｏｉｕｍｒｅｐｅｎｓ）和雅安逸生白三叶（Ｔ．ｒｅｐｅｎｓ），地上部生物量前者比后者表现出极显著差异；地下部生物量和贮氮量表现为显著差异。后作玉米产量，Ｌａｄｉｎｏ白三叶地为６．２９ｔ／ｈａ大于雅安逸生白三叶地（６．１５ｔ／ｈａ）；农田生态系统里前者表现为正氮平衡，后者表现为负氮平衡，前者土壤固相、液相和气相比为１∶０．５∶０．２５明显优于后者；前者Ｃ／Ｎ比适中，后者Ｃ／Ｎ过窄，其抗性雅安逸生白三叶低于Ｌａｄｉｎｏ白三叶。三种种子直播的豆科牧草的生态经济特性表现为南苜蓿（Ｍｅｄｉｃａｇｏｈｉｓｐｅｄａ）大于苕子（Ｖｉｃｉａｃｏｒａｃｃａ），紫云英（Ａｓｔｒａｇａｌｕｓｓｉｎｉｃｕｓ）则介于两者之间。草粮轮作周期证明，Ｌａｄｉｎｏ白三叶和南苜蓿以及苕子是无性繁殖和有性繁殖的最佳材料，值得广泛推广利用。     

基于平行反应监测验证技术分析绵羊胚胎骨骼肌蛋白质组数据

旨在对绵羊胚胎骨骼肌蛋白质组学数据进行分析,为阐明绵羊胚胎骨骼肌生长发育机制奠定基础。前期试验应用串联质谱定量法（tandem mass tag,TMT）对成年中国美利奴绵羊妊娠第85（D85）、105（D105）和135天（D135）的胚胎背最长肌进行蛋白质定量,并对D85/D105、D105/D135和D85/D135 3个比较组进行分析。本试验在此基础上,利用KEGG和平行反应监测（parallel reaction monitoring,PRM）等数据分析方法对3个比较组绵羊胚胎骨骼肌上、下调差异丰度蛋白质进行分析和验证,并对候选蛋白质进行生物信息学分析。本研究对肌纤维成熟分化标志性蛋白肌球蛋白重链（myosin-2 isoform X2,MYH）进行PRM靶向定量验证,结果表明,其变化趋势与绵羊胚胎肌纤维成熟分化趋势相符。本研究对上调差异丰度蛋白和下调差异丰度蛋白的KEGG分析结果表明,D105/D85比较组中上调差异丰度蛋白质显著富集于胰岛素等信号通路,D135/D105和D135/D85比较组中下调差异丰度蛋白质显著富集于DNA复制和蛋白质消化吸收等信号通路。与肌肉发育相关的cAMP依赖性蛋白激酶A催化亚基α（PRKACA）和葡萄糖转运蛋白成员4（GLUT4）蛋白均显著富集于胰岛素信号通路中,生物信息学分析显示,这两个蛋白质的理论分子量分别为121.73和20.64 ku,分别有147、12个带正电荷的氨基酸残基和135、12个带负电荷的氨基酸残基;理论等电点分别为8.81和6.54;亲水性平均系数分别为-0.408和0.811;PRKACA蛋白无N端糖基化位点,有45个磷酸化位点;GLUT4蛋白有1个N端糖基化位点,25个磷酸化位点;PRKACA蛋白三级结构与CAMP-2依赖蛋白激酶a嵌合融合的晶体结构相似度为85%,GLUT4蛋白三级结构与人葡萄糖转运蛋白GLUT1的相似性为78%。本研究表明,PRM定量验证趋势与绵羊胚胎肌纤维成熟分化趋势相符,PRKACA和GLUT4蛋白具有丰富的磷酸化修饰位点,并参与胰岛素信号通路调控,是重要的候选蛋白。     

A Rapid Method for the Determination of Radioactive Caesium in Live Animals and Carcasses,and its Practical Application in Norway after the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor Accident

A technique was developed for the measurement of levels of caesium radionuclides (¹³⁷Cs+¹³⁴Cs) in live reindeer, cattle, and sheep and in carcasses from these species. The instrument used was a sodium iodide scintillation detector coupled to a portable multi-channel analyser.Based on a combination of background measurements and measurements of impulses from animals with the detector in different anatomical positions we recommmend the following procedures: Lamb: The detector placed on os sacrum (standing animal). Reindeer: The detector placed between the hind legs (animal lying on its side). Cattle: The detector placed on the back of the standing animal, midway between os sacrum and trochanter major.Average geometrical factors for live animals were estimated. It was a linear correlation between measured activity levels in meat samples and counted impulses per sec in live animals. Geometrical factors were estimated at 95% confidence level with uncertainty between 6–14%. The detection limits varied between 50–200 Bq (becquerel)/kg in areas with ground depositions between 5–200 kBq/m². Since the winter 1986/87 the technique has been the standard procedure for monitoring slaughter animals and carcasses for radiocaesium activity concentrations.     

Stalked Barnacles Conchoderma Auritum on an Elephant Seal: Occurrence of Elephant Seals on South African Coast

For most of the year, Meyer’s parrots in the Okavango Delta do not form large feeding flocks, and groups larger than two or three are probably the result of opportunistic aggregation at favoured food items after dispersion from communal roosts. Communal roosting likely does not facilitate flocking unless the food resources are close to the roost site, but may function in anti-predator defence. Meyer’s parrots appear to be dependent on riverine forest, Acacia-Combretum marginal woodland and mopane woodland for roost sites in the Okavango Delta. They aggregated more during the breeding season due to their specialist nutritional requirements, and female dependence on food provisioning by the male parrots. Meyer’s parrots may be sedentary in the Okavango Delta, but the possibility of limited local movements in other areas (especially the Zimbabwean highlands) should be investigated.     

Actions of BW540C in an equine model of acute inflammation: A preliminary study

Summary

An equine model of acute non‐immune inflammation has been developed to facilitate studies of the inflammatory process and the actions of novel anti‐inflammatory drugs. Five polyester sponge strips soaked in sterile 2% carrageenin solution were placed in subcutaneous pouches prepared under local anaesthesia in the necks of conscious ponies. Serial removal of the strips and harvesting of the exudate enabled studies to be made of the cellular, biochemical and mediator aspects of the localised, acute inflammation, and the heat generated by the lesion was monitored by infra‐red thermometry. Maximal concentrations of the eicosanoids 6‐keto‐prostaglandin F_1α, thromboxane B₂ and leukotriene B, occurred at 9 h, whereas leukocyte numbers, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total protein concentrations were greatest at 24 h. Lesional skin temperature was increased by approximately 4°C throughout the 24 h period. The novel anti‐inflammatory agent BW540C, administered orally at a dose‐rate of 20 mg/kg, did not affect leukocyte infiltration or the concentrations of protein, LDH and eicosanoids in exudate but serum thromboxane B₂ levels were reduced. Skin temperature rises were greater in drug‐treated animals.

It is concluded that higher doses of BW540C will be required for a clinically useful anti‐inflammatory action in horses.     

Turnover of Village Chickens Undermines Vaccine Coverage to Control HPAI H5N1

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 remains an enzootic disease of village chickens in Indonesia, posing ongoing risk at the animal–human interface. Previous modelling showed that the fast natural turnover of chicken populations might undermine herd immunity after vaccination, although actual details of how this effect applies to Indonesia's village chicken population have not been determined. We explored the turnover effect in Indonesia's scavenging and mixed populations of village chickens using an extended Leslie matrix model parameterized with data collected from village chicken flocks in Java region, Indonesia. Population dynamics were simulated for 208 weeks; the turnover effect was simulated for 16 weeks after vaccination in two ‘best case’ scenarios, where the whole population (scenario 1), or birds aged over 14 days (scenario 2), were vaccinated. We found that the scavenging and mixed populations have different productive traits. When steady‐state dynamics are reached, both populations are dominated by females (54.5%), and ‘growers’ and ‘chicks’ represent the most abundant age stages with 39% and 38% in the scavenging, and 60% and 25% in the mixed population, respectively. Simulations showed that the population turnover might reduce the herd immunity below the critical threshold that prevents the re‐emergence of HPAI H5N1 4–8 weeks (scavenging) and 6–9 weeks (mixed population) after vaccination in scenario 1, and 2–6 weeks (scavenging) and 4–7 weeks (mixed population) after vaccination in scenario 2. In conclusion, we found that Indonesia's village chicken population does not have a unique underlying population dynamic and therefore, different turnover effects on herd immunity may be expected after vaccination; nonetheless, our simulations carried out in best case scenarios highlight the limitations of current vaccine technologies to control HPAI H5N1. This suggests that the improvements and complementary strategies are necessary and must be explored.     

A Simple Apparatus for Frequent Measurement of Gastrointestinal Intraluminal PCO2

The accuracy and precision of an end-tidal infrared CO₂ monitor and customized capnography tubing system designed to measure gastrointestinal intraluminal CO₂ partial pressure (P_iCO₂) were tested in vitro. Samples were taken from the customized capnography tubing placed in either 5% or 10% CO₂ gas at discrete intervals ranging from one minute to twelve minutes. For a given time interval, the tubing PCO₂ measurement was a constant fraction of the actual PCO₂ (all standard errors < 0.02). For increasing time intervals, the ratio of the tubing PCO₂ to actual PCO₂ increased logarithmically. In the 5% and 10% CO₂, the regression coefficients were 0.89 and 0.85 for 8 French tubing and 0.99 and 0.91 for 6 French tubing. Beacuase of its accuracy and precision, this system may provide automated gastrointestinal CO₂ partial pressure monitoring at short intervals (e.g. 5 minutes), facilitating testing of the role of gastrointestinal P_iCO₂ information in treatment algorithms. (Vet Emerg & Crit Care, 1998; 8: 109–116)     

12个无芒雀麦种群遗传多样性的RAPD分析

用RAPD分子标记对12个无芒雀麦种群进行遗传多样性分析,结果表明:选用的9条多态性引物共扩增出87个条带,平均每个引物扩增9.67条,其中多态性条带45个,多态性条带百分率为51.72%.无芒雀麦物种水平上的多态性条带数为76个,多态性条带百分率为87.36%,Shannon信息指数为0.2933,Nei s基因多样性指数为0.1843.种群间遗传分化系数为0.2735,说明无芒雀麦的遗传分化主要发生在种群内.聚类结果显示,部分种群间的遗传距离与地理距离有一定的相关性,但也有例外,这可能与人类的广泛栽培加大了种群间的基因交流有关.