Defoliation effects on Plantago lanceolata resource allocation and soil decomposers in relation to AM symbiosis and fertilization

Plants can mediate interactions between aboveground herbivores and belowground decomposers as both groups depend on plant-provided organic carbon. Most vascular plants also form symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which compete for plant carbon too. Our aim was to reveal how defoliation (trimming of plant leaves twice to 6 cm above the soil surface) and mycorrhizal infection (inoculation of the fungus Glomus claroideum BEG31), in nutrient poor and fertilized conditions, affect plant growth and resource allocation. We also tested how these effects can influence the abundance of microbial-feeding animals and nitrogen availability in the soil. We established a 12-wk microcosm study of Plantago lanceolata plants growing in autoclaved soil, into which we constructed a simplified microfood-web including saprotrophic bacteria and fungi and their nematode feeders. We found that fertilization, defoliation and inoculation of the mycorrhizal fungus all decreased P. lanceolata root growth and that fertilization increased leaf production. Plant inflorescence growth was decreased by defoliation and increased by fertilization and AMF inoculation. These results suggest a negative influence of the treatments on P. lanceolata belowground biomass allocation. Of the soil organisms, AMF root colonization decreased with fertilization and increased with defoliation. Fertilization decreased numbers of bacterial-feeding nematodes, probably because fertilized plants produced less root mass. On the other hand, bacterial feeders were more abundant when associated with defoliated than non-defoliated plants despite defoliated plants having less root mass. The AMF inoculation per se increased the abundance of fungal feeders, but the reduced and increased root AM colonization rates of fertilized and defoliated plants, respectively, were not reflected in the numbers of fungal feeders. We found no evidence of plant-mediated effects of the AM fungus on bacterial feeders, and against our prediction, soil inorganic nitrogen concentrations were not positively associated with the concomitant abundances of microbial-feeding animals. Altogether, our results suggest that (1) while defoliation, fertilization and AMF inoculation all affect plant resource allocation, (2) they do not greatly interact with each other. Moreover, it appears that (3) while changes in plant resource allocation due to fertilization and defoliation can influence numbers of bacterial feeders in the soil, (4) these effects may not significantly alter mineral N concentrations in the soil.     

Flowering behaviors of the inflorescences of an alien plant (Plantago asiatica), an alpine plant (Plantago hakusanensis), and their hybrids on Mt. Hakusan,Japan

In the subalpine zone on Mt. Hakusan, Japan, Plantago asiatica, an alien plant, and Plantago hakusanensis, a native alpine species, grow sympatrically along with their putative hybrids. Here, their flowering behavior, which affects the frequency of hybridization and the colonizing ability of P. asiatica and its hybrids, is described. The flowering behavior of each species and of two F₁ hybrids from different seed parents was determined based on the position of the flower in the inflorescence by using a generalized linear mixed model. The percentage fruit set of individually bagged inflorescences was calculated to corroborate the assumptions of the opportunities for self‐pollination. All the flowers were protogynous; however, many P. asiatica anthers dehisced before browning of the stigma in the flower and the sex presentations in the inflorescence were asynchronous. The percentage of fruit set was high. Consequently, P. asiatica has the opportunity for self‐pollination within the flower and in the inflorescence. In contrast, the P. hakusanensis anthers dehisced after browning of the stigma in the flower; their sex presentation was synchronous in the inflorescence, showing negligible opportunities for self‐pollination, and the fruit set was low. Accordingly, in the field, P. hakusanensis might require pollination among the inflorescences for seed production and be actively outcrossed, while P. asiatica is able to outcross in the early flowering phase. Therefore, P. asiatica and P. hakusanensis have opportunities for hybridization. The F₁ hybrids exhibited intermediate flowering behavior and produced fruits, demonstrating the potential to reproduce by selfing.     

不同播期、不同密度对车前生物性状及产量影响的研究

研究结果表明：9月15日至9月30日播种的车前,营养生长期长,产量高,抽穗整齐度好,有利于车前集中收割。车前在不同密度条件下,随着密度的增加,穗粒重和每株穗数均会有所降低。在产量方面,栽植规格为0．35m×0．30m处理的产量明显高于0．35m×0．20m和0．35m×0．40m的。故综合考虑,车前适宜播种期为9月15日至9月30日,适宜栽植规格为0．35m×0．30m。     

进境荷兰百合中车前草花叶病毒的分子鉴定及序列分析

对一株进境隔离种植中疑似病毒症状的荷兰百合进行检测、鉴定。采用RT-PCR方法对疑似样品的部分基因序列进行扩增、测序,比对后,建立系统发育树进行亲缘关系分析。结果表明,采用香石竹潜隐病毒属和马铃薯X病毒属(CarlapCar1I/M4T和Potex 5/Potex 1RC)简并引物均可扩增到预期大小的片段(1 257 nts和737 nts)。序列分析显示,扩增片段与车前草花叶病毒(Plantago asiatica mosaic virus,Pl AMV)3'端序列(包含TGBp2、TGBp1、CP,3’-NTS)和部分依赖于RNA的RNA聚合酶基因序列一致性可达79.9%~99.5%和80.5%~99.3%。利用PlAMV的特异性引物(PlAMV-cpup/PlAMV-cpdw)进行检测,结果进一步证实该百合样品含有PlAMV。通过建立系统发育树得出,该病毒分离物与来自荷兰的PlAMV百合分离物优先聚为一簇,表明二者的亲缘关系最近。这是我国口岸首次截获车前草花叶病毒的报道。     

黄土高原13种栽培牧草营养成分NIRS模型分析

对2012-2013年黄土高原种植的13个牧草品种、780份干草样品的营养成分建立了近红外光谱(near infrared reflectance spectroscopy,NIRS)的检测模型。豆科牧草的粗脂肪(EE)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和粗灰分(Ash)建模结果最好,其定标决定系数(RSQ)0.94,交叉验证相关系数(1-VR)0.7最高,定标标准分析误差(SEC)在0.071~0.713,交叉校验定标标准分析误差(SECV)在0.160~2.751。禾本科牧草的EE和可溶性糖(WSC)建模结果最好,RSQ分别达0.916和0.859,1-VR分别为0.609和0.810,SEC和SECV分别是0.250、1.488和0.505、3.172。菊科和车前科牧草的模型,除ADF外,其它指标预测的稳定性和准确性较为理想,RSQ在0.85以上,1-VR在0.70以上,SEC和SECV分别在0.361~3.557和0.495~4.602。NIRS对豆科粗蛋白(CP)和WSC的数值预测较差,RSQ仅0.55,对禾本科CP、ADF、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、Ash及菊科和车前科的ADF的预测稍差,RSQ0.7。     

大车前胚乳与胚发育的细胞胚胎学研究

应用石蜡制片技术研究了大车前胚乳与胚发育过程的细胞胚胎学特征,为车前科胚胎学及分类地位的确立提供相关资料。结果表明：大车前成熟雌配子体为七细胞七核的蓼型。经双受精后形成合子与初生胚乳核。胚乳发育类型为细胞型,初生胚乳核第1次横分裂产生珠孔室与合点室胚乳细胞。珠孔室胚乳细胞经1次纵分裂或2次连续相交的纵分裂形成2个或4个胚乳细胞;进而同步进行横分裂形成2排,即4个或8个胚乳细胞;靠近珠孔的2个或4个胚乳细胞分化并发育成为单核的管状胚乳珠孔吸器;靠近合点室胚乳细胞的2个或4个细胞进行各个方向的分裂形成胚乳本体,并将合子分裂所形成的胚包围其中;与此同时,合点室胚乳细胞的细胞核进行1次核分裂但不伴随胞质分裂,在合子期便形成具有两个细胞核的胚乳合点吸器;胚乳吸器为胚乳本体的发育从珠被与合点吸收并转送营养物质。胚胎发生属于柳叶菜型,经原胚期、心胚期、鱼雷胚、子叶胚形成成熟种子。珠被绒毡层发达。对胚乳本体以及球胚的流式细胞仪细胞核DNA分析表明,胚的DNA含量为二倍体,而胚乳为三倍体。     

假鹰爪和九节在交通尾气污染绿地中的生理表现

以在交通尾气污染绿地中生长良好的红叶石楠为对照,比较、分析了在交通尾气污染绿地假鹰爪、九节和红叶石楠的叶绿素含量、气体交换特征和叶绿素荧光特征。结果表明,假鹰爪和九节叶绿素总含量与红叶石楠不存在差异,它们的PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)均低于红叶石楠。3个试验树种在夏季的净光合速率(Pn)大小为红叶石楠假鹰爪九节,在冬季的大小为九节红叶石楠假鹰爪。     

青海平车前种子与花萼中矿质元素含量比较

[目的]为深入开发平车前的药用价值提供基础数据。[方法]以产于青海省的平车前种子及花萼为试材,分析比较平车前种子和花萼中的钾、钠、钙、镁、磷5种矿质元素的含量。[结果]青海平车前种子及花萼都含有丰富的矿质元素。平车前花萼中的钾、钠、钙、镁4种矿质元素的含量均高于平车前种子,磷元素的含量低于平车前种子。平车前种子和花萼中的钙元素含量相差15倍,钠元素含量相差13倍,镁元素含量相差4倍,磷元素含量相差2倍。平车前种子和花萼中的钾元素含量分别为2 039、2 910 mg/kg。[结论]青海平车前花萼相对于种子含有大量的镁、钙、钾等元素,有进一步开发利用的价值。     

微波辅助提取积雪草总黄酮的工艺研究

[目的]在微波辅助条件下寻找提取积雪草总黄酮的优化条件。[方法]选取单因素试验和正交试验,以微波功率、微波辅助提取时间、乙醇浓度、固液比为因素,每个因素3个水平,选择L9（34）正交表,用紫外分光光度法测定的总黄酮含量作为评价指标。[结果]最佳提取条件为微波功率406 W,微波时间90 s,乙醇浓度70%,固液比1∶20,此时总黄酮含量为5.342%。[结论]该试验提取工艺操作简单、步骤简洁、方法稳定可行。     

车前子提取物对大肠杆菌耐药抑制作用初步研究

为了对车前子提取物耐药抑制作用进行研究,采用棋盘法测定车前子乙醇提取物与环丙沙星的联合作用,二者联合应用对大肠杆菌耐药菌株具有较好的抗菌作用。通过环丙沙星蓄积动力学试验检测车前子乙醇提取物对鸡源大肠杆菌外排泵的影响,结果表明,车前子乙醇提取物能增加环丙沙星在细胞内的蓄积量,抑制耐药大肠杆菌对抗生素的主动外排作用。三氯甲烷萃取物对大肠杆菌的药物外排具有一定的抑制作用,但其抑制作用不如乙醇提取物。