Measuring trail users’ perception of crowding in a peri-urban nature park: A best-worst scaling experiment

This paper evaluates the perception of crowding, its determinants and relationship with trail users’ experience in a peri-urban nature park. Existing crowding surveys rely heavily on a single-item 9-point crowding scale which was originally developed for backcountry areas. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to test the validity and reliability of this measure in detecting crowding issues and formulating visitor capacity limits. Low validity and reliability raised concerns about the applicability of this scale in similar frontcountry areas. Inability of this simple crowding measure to detect a visitor threshold brings to the fore its another important limitation – ignorance of the complexity of crowding phenomenon. The perception of crowding varies with various social, psychological and situational factors, and a best-worst scaling (BWS) experiment was designed to simultaneously evaluate different aspects of crowding in the Medvednica Nature Park, a peri-urban nature park near Zagreb, Croatia. The findings of BWS experiment revealed that occupancy of mountain huts, number of other hikers on the trail and amount of litter along the trail on average contributed most to the trail users’ sense of crowding. A latent class analysis identified a large heterogeneity in the perception of crowding; while one group of trail users (63%) was more disturbed by the direct social impacts, the others (37%) were more disturbed by the secondary impacts of other visitors, especially by the negative externalities from road traffic in the park. Older visitors had a greater tendency to primarily associate crowding with the environmental conditions. A higher impact of trail use level in the perception of crowding, younger age and more frequent use were associated with a more negative evaluation of crowding. The park management should closely monitor road traffic in the park and visitor activity on highly used trails, especially on those popular among younger trail users.     

Can trail spatial attributes predict trail use level in urban forest park? An examination integrating GPS data and space syntax theory

Understanding users’ spatial distribution in forest park is crucial for providing visitors with quality recreation experiences and for park planning and management. Utilizing users’ spatial distribution data, this study aims at investigating associations between trail use level and trail spatial attributes, through examining two large urban forest parks (Gongqing forest park and Paotaiwan forest park) in Shanghai, China. Users’ spatial distribution was measured utilizing GPS trackers with the interval of 10 seconds. This study conceptualizes trail spatial attributes as trail metric attributes and trail configurational attributes. Trail metric attributes include trail mean distance to gates, length, width and level of enclosure, which are calculated based on park map and on-site observation. We computed trail configurational attributes utilizing space syntax theory, which comprise measures of global integration, control, and connectivity. Trail connection with features/facilities, visual connection with water and shading are included as covariate variables. In total, we obtained 134 valid samples in Gongqing forest park and 210 valid samples in Paotaiwan forest park for analysis. Multivariate regression analyses indicate that when involving covariate variables, consistently in both parks, a greater trail usage is significantly related to trail shorter mean distance to park gate, trail width wider than 3 meters, higher global integration and higher control values. Collectively, these four trail spatial attributes explained 31.7 % (p < 0.001) and 27.3 % (p < 0.001) of the variances in trail use level in Gongqing forest park and Paotaiwan forest park. These findings provide direct implications to park designers and managers for providing visitors with different desirable social conditions, and ultimately improve users’ experiences and satisfactions.     

社会林业与五指山的自然保护

五指山自然保护区是世界上现存地势最高的原始热带雨林之一，是我省目前面积最大的自然保护区，也是海南三大河流的发源地。但由于保护区横跨琼中、通什、保亭三县、市，紧邻保护区还生存着众多贫困的黎、苗族村民。因此，保护区与周边社区的联系是十分紧密的，社区的发展也直接影响到五指山热带天然林的保护。海南省林业局中德海南热带林保护和恢复项目在社会林业与五指山森林的保护上做出了有益的尝试，就在全省来说，也是首次对社会林业与森林保护上进行的探索。五指山地区社会林业的研究，对保护海南热带雨林也有着积极的意义。特对社会林业与五指山的森林保护进行了阐述、分析和设想。     

森林主产利用计划系统编制工作初探

森林经营方案的编制与实施是提高森林经营水平的重要步骤。在编案中森林主产利用计划系统的编制是关键的工作。本文针对森林主产利用系统在编制过程中存在的问题，提出解决问题的途径、方法及其前景。     

樟子松枯梢病的防治研究

樟子松移植苗枯梢病Sphaeropsis sapinea可以通过药剂有效地进行防治。移植前以50％多菌灵wp500倍液浸苗；在人工林中，内吸性杀菌剂－甲基托布津、多菌灵为首选药剂；在树木新梢生长停止期和展叶中期（辽西北为6月初和6月中旬），70％甲基托布津wp 1000倍液或50％多菌灵wp 500倍液防治2次。保护性杀菌剂－百菌清效果不佳。适时的卫生伐对该病有明显的抑制作用。     

以球果量、雄花量等数量性状对油松优良无性系的再选择

本研究对油松无性系种子园 2 2个无性系的球果量和雄球花量进行观测调查 ,并对数据进行处理。通过无性系内和无性系间的方差分析、聚类分析和秩序排序法对各无性系进行分类和排序。研究结果表明 :无性系间球果量和雄球花量的差异极显著 ,而无性系内差异不显著。并筛选出 1 61 #,6#,2 9#,63 #,78#5个球果数量大 ,占总数的 46% ,雄花量高 ,占总数的 5 7.6%的无性系为优良无性系     

红松结实特性的综合评定

用红松每个家系结实株数、结塔数、塔重、种重、种子长宽厚之和5个因子进行红松结实特性综合性状评定，基本上反映出了红松家系结实数量及质量指标。     

中日森林文化比较研究及启示

日本是一个森林大国，拥有着丰富的森林资源和森林文化，其教训和经验对中国乃至全世界的后工业化国家都有着很大的启发和借鉴意义。对日本的森林状况进行回顾和评价，从其森林思想中汲取精华，不断挖掘森林文化所蕴藏的丰富含义，恢复和弘扬森林文化，这对中国正在开展的生态文明建设以及解决环境问题都能提供思考和帮助。     

八种中草药体外抑制大肠杆菌的效果观察

选取马尾松、田基黄、艾草、雷公根、芭蕉芯、浮萍、野菊花、番石榴叶8种中草药，采用常规中草药药敏试验打孔法和试管法对猪大肠杆菌（K88）、大肠杆菌（0157）进行体外抑菌试验。结果显示，艾草、野菊花、番石榴叶对大肠杆菌呈高度敏感，其中艾草对大肠杆菌抑菌力最强；马尾松挥发油对大肠杆菌呈中度敏感；田基黄、雷公根、芭蕉芯、浮萍对大肠杆菌无抑菌作用。     

沙黄松选择增益结构模式初步研究

采用沙黄松天然林自由授粉家系７年生树干材积的材料，分析了联合选择遗传增益结构模式。结果表明：亚群体间存在极显著差异，亚群体内家系间差异不显著；联合选择增益结构模式为亚群体间７２．４４％、亚群体内家系间３．５５％、单株间２４．０１％。