火龙果Ty1-copia类反转录转座子反转录酶序列的克隆及分析

 根据Ty1-copia类反转录转座子反转录酶的保守区设计简并引物,通过PCR扩增,从火龙果基因组中扩增出260 bp左右的目标条带,经回收、克隆、测序及序列分析,获得了23条来源于火龙果试管苗变异和非变异材料的反转录酶序列。通过系统演化分析,所得序列可分为5类,存在较高的异质性;与母株相比,变异植株的反转录酶序列存在缺失、移码和终止密码子突变。经反转录酶氨基酸序列对比,火龙果与其它物种间具有较高的同源性,表明在不同物种间可能存在反转录转座子的横向传递作用。     

Spatio-temporal Variation of Distribution Patterns in Cunninghamia lanceolata Plantations

To aid in management of Cunninghamia lanceolata,the main timber species in Southern China,its variation of spatial distribution pattern was analyzed.Three permanent plots of C.lanceolata plantations with approximately the same site conditions,set by China continuous forest inventory in Shunchang,Fujian,were selected. C.lanceolata growth was divided into two stages: young trees(5 cm≤diameter at breast height (DBH)<10 cm) and mature trees(DBH≥10 cm). The DBH and coordinates of every tree(DBH≥5 cm) in the permanent plots were recorded in 2003 and 2008.The function L(r),improvement of Ripley’s K(r),the paircorrelation function g(r),and the uniform angle index(W_i) were used to analyze the spatio-temporal variation of spatial distribution patterns.The three permanent plots had mean uniform angle index(W) between 0.494-0.578 at low altitudes,0.465-0.477 at medium altitudes,and 0.426-0.601 at high altitudes.Results showed that altitude did not affect the spatial distribution pattern. The L(r ) and g(r) function curves of mature trees were generally lower than young trees’,i.e.tend to be more random or uniform distribution.So regardless of the initial distribution of young or mature trees,with the passage of time,there was a tendency for the aggregated distribution to change to a random distribution,and a random distribution to change to a uniform distribution.     

2010-2011年中国部分地区禽坦布苏病毒感染调查及分子变异分析

为了解中国目前禽坦布苏病毒在家禽中的流行状况及病毒分子演化特征,对2010-2011年采集自中国沿海及周边的9个省的439份疑似家禽坦布苏病毒感染的临床样品进行了鉴定,并进行了分离毒株NS5基因的分子遗传进化分析。结果表明,2010年采集的187份家禽病料中检测出42份阳性样品,阳性率为21．6％,而2011年采集的252份样品中检测出37份阳性样品,阳性率为13．9％。对部分毒株的NS5基因测序表明,本研究分离的禽坦布苏病毒与已发布的同时期分离的禽坦布苏病毒NS5基因同源性在98％以上,与2010年前分离的鸡源及蚊媒坦布苏病毒的同源性介于83．8％-85．8％之间;所有2010年后分离的禽坦布苏病毒毒株在系统进化上共同构成了一个进化分支。结果表明,2011年禽坦布苏病毒仍在中国沿海及周边的9个省的家禽中流行,病毒NS5基因的测序分析表明,到目前为止在家禽中流行的禽坦布苏病毒未出现明显的分子变异。     

中国沙棘(♀)×蒙古沙棘(♂)杂种F1重要选种性状表型多样性与选优研究

基于远缘杂交技术路线,以中国沙棘优良单株MK-88-01、HF-88-05为母本,俄罗斯栽培种阿列依及蒙古大果沙棘乌兰格木子代优良雄株为父本,开展了中国沙棘与蒙古沙棘2个亚种间杂交育种研究。结果发现:杂种子代性状分化严重,棘刺数、百果质量、果实产量等最重要的几项经济指标的遗传分化程度最大。选育出3个优良杂种单株,其树高均显著高于父本,2年生枝棘刺数均为3个,与母本中国沙棘相比,棘刺数大量减少。优良杂种单株百果质量与单株产量分别达26.33 29.33 g、2.00 2.50 kg,比母本中国沙棘分别提高31.34%46.30%、66.67%108.33%。杂交子代具有单株生长量越大,其果实与种子表型指标就越小的变化规律,与母本中国沙棘体大果小、父本蒙古沙棘体小果大的表型特征相吻合。     

Variation in growth of Heterobasidion parviporum in a full-sib family of Picea abies

Abstract

Heterobasidion parviporum (Fr.) Niemelä & Korhonen and Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. sensu lato are some of the major forest pathogens in the northern hemisphere causing root and butt rot to conifers. The relative susceptibility to H. parviporum was investigated in a full-sib family of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] by inoculating a set of 252 cloned progenies from a controlled cross. Four ramets of each progeny were used and the 2-year-old rooted cuttings were incubated for 6 weeks under greenhouse conditions. The condition of the cuttings was assessed visually and all the plants were in excellent vigour with no mortality recorded during the experiment. To score the relative susceptibility, lesion length in the inner bark and fungal growth in the sapwood were measured. Among the progenies, significant differences were found for fungal growth in the sapwood (p<0.0005). There was no significant difference for lesion length; however, there was a significant positive correlation between fungal growth and lesion length. The broad-sense heritability was 0.11 for fungal growth. This shows that the genetic component for susceptibility to H. parviporum can be detected even within a full-sib family of Norway spruce and that there is a potential for mapping quantitative trait loci for this trait in Norway spruce.     

Rejuvenation of juvenile growth characters in picea abies

Cuttings were made from six‐year‐old seedlings of Picea abies L. (Karst.) that had been studied in the Stockholm phytotron. The seedlings belonged to four full‐sib families, one being of French origin, one of North‐Swedish origin and two being hybrids between parents of North‐Swedish and French origin. Nine clones from each family were included. After the rooting phase, the cuttings were exposed to the same cultivation regimes as the seedling ortets. Characteristics of growth rhythm, percentage free growth and leader length were recorded during the 2nd to the 5th growth period (GP). Plagiotropic growth habit was recorded in the 3rd to the 5th growth period, and, characteristics of the rooting phase were studied. A juvenile behaviour very similar to that characterizing growth periods 2–3 of the seedlings was observed for growth rhythm characteristics and for free growth capacity during GP2 of the cuttings. The absolute value of the differences between each observation of the seedling ortets in GP6 and the means of the cuttings in GP2 produced a new variable that quantified the degree of rejuvenation. This new variable was meaningfully calculated only for growth rhythm and growth pattern variables. A gradual reversion of the growth rhythm occurred for the cuttings, which corresponded to the change with increasing age for the seedlings. The capacity for free growth, on the contrary, disappeared already in GP3 for the cuttings, except for the French family. A large variation in the rejuvenation ability between families was observed. Furthermore, the rejuvenation ability was negatively correlated with the ability to grow plagiotropically.     

Genetic control and age‐related changes of juvenile growth characters in Picea abies

In full‐sib families of Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce) the dynamics of juvenile growth and the inheritance of the most important growth characters were analysed in six growth periods in climate chambers followed by two additional growing seasons in a nursery. The full‐sib families were of French and North Swedish origin including both within and between provenance crosses. All growth rhythm characters changed over time. For instance, number of days to budbreak increased, whereas days to budset decreased, as growth periods advanced. Concurrent with the changes in growth rhythm, free growth decreased with increasing age. Half of the total variation for different growth rhythm characters within a growth period could in most cases be explained by provenance effects. Early selection is, therefore, meaningful to reduce damage by frost and mortality. Furthermore, the actual distances between family means decreased substantially with increasing age, and the actual length of the shoot elongation period decreased from 31 days during the second growth period to 16 days during the sixth. We suggest therefore that selection together with some treatment in the nursery that alters the growth rhythm of the seedlings are the best ways to increase frost resistance. Tree height was influenced by a set of complex gene actions that changed over time. Provenance effects were important during the first two growth periods. Subsequently, non‐accumulative within provenance family variance took over. If this pattern holds true in general, juvenile selection for height growth in Norway spruce cannot be made as early as that for growth rhythm.     

Soil water characteristics in glacial till at two forest sites in Sweden

Soil water characteristics were determined in 6 soil profiles along a Norway spruce forested sandy‐loamy till hillslope in Southern and Northern Sweden, respectively. The soil moisture class was mesic at both sites, i.e. having well drained soil water conditions. Two different Podzols; Leptic and Orthic, were developed at each site respectively. The vertical distribution of soil water retention capacity (SWRC) was similar in the different profiles at each site respectively. The SWRC of the mineral soil was significantly higher in the spodic B horizon compared to the other horizons. In concordance with the vertical distribution of SWRC, the largest amount of organic matter in the mineral soil, measured as ignition loss, was also found in the spodic B horizon. The significantly higher SWRC in the spodic B horizon, i.e. the ¡lluvial horizon, was suggested to depend on the accumulated organic‐sesquioxide material in this horizon. As SWRC reached maximum values in the spodic B horizon at all tensions applied, it was further suggested that soil formation in the studied profiles enhanced the formation of both micro‐ and macropores in the spodic B horizon. The variation of SWRC, at a certain level in the soil, was often larger within a profile than between the profiles at each site respectively.     

Rooting Success of Cuttings from Young Picea abies in Transition to Flowering Competent Phase

Abstract

Abundant flowering occurred in a central Swedish trial with 10-yr-old Picea abies L. (Karst.) cuttings, taken on 4-yr-old seedlings. Large deviations in cone-set between clones were assumed to reflect different stages in transition from juvenile to flowering competent phase. Rooting success and first-yr growth performance (leader length, leader origin and plagiotropic growth) were studied on cuttings originating from the upper and lower parts of the crown in 15 clones with heavy cone-set and 15 clones without cones. Twigs from the lower part of the crown had a significantly higher rooting percentage. Cone-set did not have an effect on any of the variables analysed. The results suggest that flowering ability and rooting capacity are independent age-related processes, implying that selection for high rooting capacity in clonal forestry does not reduce flowering competence. The results will have a great impact on breeding of P. abies, since both early flowering and high rooting ability are important traits for reducing the turnover time of the breeding cycle.     

毛红椿不同家系磷素利用特性的研究

利用8个对土壤磷素敏感程度各异的毛红椿家系,设置4个磷素水平的土培盆栽试验,研究其不同磷素水平下的磷素利用特性.结果表明:毛红椿对于磷素环境极为敏感,参试的8个家系在少量施磷肥后其干物质积累量比天然红壤基质环境下增长3～19倍.毛红椿不同家系干物质积累量在不同磷素水平下差异巨大,在低磷胁迫下生长最好的家系其干物质积累量是生长最差家系的7倍左右,在高磷水平下生长最好的家系是最差家系的2.6倍左右.磷素吸收量是造成毛红椿家系在不同磷素环境下生长差异的主要原因.相关分析表明:毛红椿家系干物质积累量与苗高和地径、根长、根体积、根表面积、须根数等参数呈显著正相关.初步确定根长、根表面积、根体积、须根数作为耐低磷型优良家系的特异性指标.