5-Aminolevulinc acid increases tree yield and improves fruit quality of ‘Rabia’ and ‘Sukkariat-Yanbo’ date palm cultivars under hot arid climate

Date palms growing in hot arid regions are generally facing several kinds of environmental stresses which limit tree growth and productivity and negatively affect fruit quality. During 2009 and 2010 seasons, the effects of 5-aminolevulininc acid (5-ALA) application at different rates on yield, fruit quality, pigment contents and nutrient uptake of ‘Rabia’ and ‘Sukkariat-Yanbo’ date palm cultivars were studied. In both cultivars, the application of 5-ALA significantly increased bunch weight and yield per tree compared to control. The highest bunch weight and yield per tree was achieved by 5-ALA at 200 ppm followed by 250 ppm applied on both fruit bunches and leaves. These were reflected on higher fruit and flesh weight and fruit length, at the bisir and rutab stages. However, the application of 5-ALA at 250 ppm only on fruit bunches without leaves significantly increased bunch weight and yield per tree compared to control only in ‘Sukkariat-Yanbo’ but not in ‘Rabia’ cultivar. There were significant interaction effects between treatments and seasons on bunch weight and yield in ‘Rabia’ but not in ‘Sukkariat-Yanbo’ cultivar. The rutab % was not significantly affected by any of the applied treatments and it was higher in 2009 than in 2010 season in ‘Rabia’, however, the opposite was true in ‘Sukkariat-Yanbo’ cultivar. Most of the physical parameters of fruit quality at both the bisir and rutab stages were significantly improved in both cultivars by 5-ALA application compared to control, in contrast to the biochemical parameters that were not affected. In both cultivars, chlorophyll a concentration significantly increased by 5-ALA application especially at 200 and 250 ppm on both leaves and fruits compared to control. While chlorophyll b concentration was not significantly affected by the 5-ALA application, total chlorophyll concentration was significantly higher at 250 ppm 5-ALA application than control in both cultivars. There were no significant differences among the different rates of 5-ALA application. Chlorophyll a/b ratio was not significantly affected by 5-ALA application compared to control. The concentrations of N, P and K in the leaves of both cultivars were not significantly affected by the 5-ALA application compared to control. It was concluded that 5-ALA application has promotive effects on yield, fruit quality and chlorophyll concentration of both ‘Rabia’ and ‘Sukkariat-Yanbo’ date palms under hot arid climate.     

Aspergillus niger,the causal agent of black mould disease in date fruits,infects and colonizes flowers and young fruitlets

Black mould, caused by Aspergillus niger, is the main fungal disease affecting date fruits. Symptoms develop inside the fruit, at the inner space between the pulp and the seed. This study focuses on the aetiology of black mould disease in Medjoul fruit. We followed symptom appearance naturally and after artificial A. niger inoculation at different development and maturity stages. Symptoms developed in only a short period during early fruit ripening. However, fruits were commonly colonized at earlier stages of development. Artificial inoculation of flowers and setting fruitlets increased the level of fruit colonization, while fungicide spraying at these stages decreased colonization. Several weeks following flower inoculation by A. niger, mycelium could be detected on degenerating stigmas and carpels as well as between the fruit and the calyx. Following inoculation with an A. niger strain expressing green fluorescent protein (A. niger^GFP), the pathogen was detected on stigmas of setting fruitlets but not within the stigmatic tissue or the transmitting tract of the carpel. The A. niger^GFP strain was detected during fruit development below the base of the large fruitlets and above the calyx surrounding the vascular bundle leading into the fruit. The results suggest that A. niger can infect and colonize flowers and setting fruitlets, grows on the degenerating carpels, and remains latent at a protected site at the base of the fruit until ripening. It then induces the typical black mould symptoms. The significance of these results for developing means to cope with the disease is discussed.     

厦门地区引种加拿利海枣的抗寒适应性研究

观察了厦门地区加拿利海枣幼苗的生长情况,并采用电导率法测定了不同器官的抗寒力,探讨了加拿利海枣在不同月份低温下的抗寒力变化及叶片总含水量与抗寒力的关系。结果表明:加拿利海枣终年都保持5片以上的叶片,但不同季节叶片数量变化很大,株高增长主要集中在4～9月份;越冬期间抗寒力随着气温逐渐下降而增强,2月份达到最大,半致死温度为-10.9℃;幼苗不同器官的抗寒力差异明显,其中根部对低温最敏感;抗寒力的提高与叶片总水含量关系不密切。     

Genetic diversity and phylogenic relationships in date-palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) as assessed by random amplified microsatellite polymorphism markers (RAMPOs)

Random amplified microsatellite polymorphisms (RAMPOs) were used to assess genetic diversity among 30 date-palm cultivars and 10 male trees. Using 18 primers combinations, 197 bands were scored and 186 were polymorphic suggesting the high level of polymorphism among studied cultivars. Moreover, taking into account the high percentage of polymorphic bands (ppb), the resolving power (R_p) together with the polymorphism information content (PIC) scored values, all the tested primer sets contribute strongly in the discrimination of date-palm genotypes. In addition, the topology of the derived UPGMA dendrogram exhibited cultivars’ clustering made independently both from the geographical origin and/or from the sex of trees. The present data support the Mesopotamian origin of the date-palm domestication. Thus we assume that the used method is efficient to assess genetic diversity within date-palm cultivars. Data are discussed in relation with the opportunity of the RAMPO method to provide additional molecular markers suitable in the improvement of the date-palms germplasm characterisation.     

聊城市凤凰苑园林植物资源调查

通过对聊城市凤凰苑园林绿化植物种质资源的调查,得知凤凰苑内用于绿化的树种共有83种隶属43科49属,针对目前凤凰苑园林绿化植物运用中存在的一些问题,提出了解决问题的方法及建议,旨在为聊城市制定园林绿化规划、建设花园城市提供一定的理论依据和参考.     

凤凰卫视的品牌塑造和传播

电视媒体已经进入品牌竞争时代。电视频道品牌的塑造和传播是激烈市场竞争中制胜的法宝。凤凰卫视经过短短十几年的发展就成为一个知名品牌，2006年更获得”亚洲500最具价值品牌奖”。本文探讨了其品牌价值塑造和品牌形象传播，希望为中国电视业的品牌战略提供借鉴和实践参照。     

基于红色文化的城市山地公园规划设计——以延安市凤凰山公园设计为例

针对凤凰山现状及城市绿地发展需要,应用园林与生态景观规划原理和方法,以延安特有的红色文化为指导,对凤凰山城市山地公园进行分区规划布局研究。根据研究地块现状及功能需求将其划分为生态治理区、景观建设区、观光游览区、科普自然教育区、休闲游憩区5个区域。在文化造园、系统保护、因地制宜、功能多样的基础上,力求将凤凰山城市山地公园打造成为具有延安特色的绿色景观窗口与城市绿肺。     

香菇和凤尾菇交叉耐药性研究

利用香菇和风尾菇之间的遗传差异，对现有所使用的杀菌剂农药不同反应，进行完全抑制生长所需超过的最小杀菌剂进度（ＰＩＣ）试验。结果表明凤尾菇的托布津ＰＩＣ为６０ｕｇ／ｍｌ，但香菇在此浓度下可正常生长。相反香菇的百菌清ＰＩＣ为４０ｕｇ／ｍｌ，凤尾菇在此浓度下则可生长。当这两种杀菌剂以ＰＩＣ浓度混合配制培养基时，这两种菇均被完全抑制生长。自然交叉耐药性给我们提供了一种稳定的遗传标志。     

桑枝栽培平菇和秀珍菇的调控出菇试验

为解决食用菌生产中出菇季节集中和出菇后培养料中存余剩余营养的问题,以平菇和秀珍菇为试验材料,采用自然贮存和二次出菇的方法对食用菌的调控出菇和二次间断出菇进行研究。结果表明,平菇正常出菇的生物学效率为41.923%~129.1%,相差3 倍之多。秀珍菇正常出菇的生物学效率为64.31%~78.77%,相差不大。从出菇调控结果看,‘平菇831’的生物学效率从50.312%降低至46.591%,调控出菇方法比正常出菇方法生物学效率降低了3.721 个百分点,生物学效率降低7.4%。‘秀珍菇195’的生物学效率从69.4%降低至28.99%,生物学效率降低一半以上。使用‘平菇803’进行二次出菇试验,以薄层箱栽和直接全拨皮出菇效果最好,生物学效率分别为12.42%和16.08%,而其他出菇方法的生物学效率仅为1%左右。可见平菇和秀珍菇是良好的调控出菇食用菌种类,在生产上具有重要应用价值。而二次出菇技术由于产量低下和用工量较大,在生产上的意义不大。     

Genetic inheritance analysis of four enzymes in date-palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

The genetic inheritance of four date-palm enzymes hasbeen carried out in 29 Tunisian cultivars. Our data provide evidenceof five polymorphic genes involving 12 alleles. It has been assumedthat either Pgm or Shdh are specified by three different alleles,while Got-1, Got-2 and Pgi-2 loci are biallelicgenes. On the other hand, analysis throughout progenies of twocontrolled crosses support significantly these hypothesis. In thewhole, results are in agreement with reports that describeddate-palm isozymes. Nevertheless, we assume that other alleleare involved in Pgm gene. Also, isozymes controlled by Got-2locus are of a dimeric structure. Opportunely, it can be establishedthat the resultant isoenzymes would constitute polymorphic markerssuitable to analyze the genetic diversity in date-palm.