交替冻融对松花江流域典型土壤可溶性有机碳的影响

以受季节性冻融过程影响显著的黑土、暗棕壤和水稻土为例,采用实验室模拟的方法,研究交替冻融循环过程(分别在-20℃和20℃下处理)对土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)的影响。研究表明,初次交替冻融后暗棕壤和水稻土DOC升高,黑土DOC仅降低1.3%。随着冻融次数增加,黑土和暗棕壤DOC含量逐渐下降,并趋于稳定,水稻土DOC呈交替上升趋势。15次交替冻融后,黑土DOC含量下降21%,水稻土DOC含量上升9%,暗棕壤DOC含量未出现明显变化。三维荧光分析结果验证了土壤DOC的变化趋势,15次交替冻融后,黑土可溶性有机物结构变复杂,分子量增加;水稻土可溶性有机物结构变简单,分子量变小;暗棕壤产生的新物质,一部分使可溶性有机物结构变复杂,分子量变大,另一部分使有机物分子量变小。     

秸秆覆盖对冻融期土壤墒情影响试验

为了研究秸秆覆盖对冻融期土壤墒情的影响,该文设置裸地、玉米秸秆覆盖厚度为5、10和15cm的4种地表处理,进行了冻融期的土壤水分迁移试验。结果表明,冻融期秸秆覆盖的保温效应改变了土壤冻结状,使覆盖厚度15cm田块未出现冻层,覆盖厚度5和10cm地块的土壤初冻时间比裸地分别滞后16和25d,且冻层厚度较裸地减小了29和42cm。受冻融作用的影响,裸地在40cm处出现聚墒区,秸秆覆盖田块在地表处和30～50cm处出现聚墒区。冻融期内玉米秸秆覆盖厚度为5、10和15cm田块地表水分波动幅度分别比裸地减小了1.12、6.46和8.7百分点;土壤融化后其地表0-10cm土壤平均含水率分别比裸地高9.45、9.04和8.99百分点。研究成果可为季节性冻土分布区实施秸秆覆盖措施提供参考依据。     

支原体检验用培养基的研究

水质和血清对比试验结果表明：以水质电导率低于0．5μs／cm、猪血清总蛋白不低于49g／L、胆固醇不高于1．66mmol／L为标准制备的改良Frey培养基和支原体培养基活菌滴度均达10^9CCU／mL。对滑液支原体GX11-T株及猪鼻支原体BTS-7株1—5代对数生长期培养物检测,均达10^9CCU／mL。改良Frey培养基与支原体培养基经反复冻融8次;或改良Frey培养基经37℃保存24h;支原体培养基37℃保存8h均不影响灵敏度。改良Frey培养基在鸡胚成纤维细胞及鸡胚尿囊液中最小检测量分别为4CCU／mL和2CCU／mL;支原体培养基在BHK：,细胞中最小检测量为8CCU／mL。改良Frey培养基和支原体培养基4℃有效期为1个月,-20℃为12个月。     

渐次解冻土壤粒级沉降分选及碳氮盐分布特征

[目的] 将解冻逐层剥离过程与粒级沉降模拟相结合,探究融雪径流情景下坡面土壤逐层解冻过程中泥沙粒级分选规律及伴随的碳氮盐分布特性,为深入揭示东北坡面土层冻融侵蚀机理及伴生的微环境效应提供依据。[方法] 以东北坡面黑土为例,开展了土柱冻融试验,主要包括非冻融、全冻全融与冻结后渐次解冻(土柱置于浸水环境,由外至内分融化出T₁—T₃ 3层)处理,借助沉降管对各处理的土壤进行粒级沉降分选试验,对各分选粒级电导率(EC)、pH值、有机碳(SOC)、氮(TN)等进行了测定分析。[结果] ①土壤经全冻全融后,沉降分选所得＞500 μm和≤125 μm的颗粒含量减少,125～500 μm的颗粒增加;土壤EC在大粒级中较高;SOC和TN在大粒级中(＞500 μm)含量降低,在较小粒级(≤125 μm)含量增加。②渐次分层解冻土壤经沉降后,外层(T₁)≤63 μm颗粒偏少,内层(T₃)125～500 μm颗粒偏多;盐分和有机碳氮在外层大粒级中含量较高。③全冻全融土壤沉降后,盐分流失率达64.8%,SOC和TN流失率相对较低,为4.08%和2.72%;渐次解冻沉降处理内层(T₃)土壤盐分和有机质流失程度大于外层(T₁)。[结论] 冻融沉降后,外层土壤破碎程度大,坡面土壤颗粒趋向均质化;有机质含量在粒级间差异明显,其在小粒级土壤中分布更加稳定;盐分和有机质在冻融沉降过程中会从土壤内层向外层迁移而造成流失。     

Fluxes of climate‐relevant trace gases between a Norway spruce forest soil and atmosphere during repeated freeze–thaw cycles in mesocosms

For this century, an increasing frequency of extreme meteorological boundary conditions is expected, presumably resulting in a changing frequency of freezing and thawing of soils in higher‐elevation areas. Our current knowledge about the effects of these events on trace‐gas emissions from soils is scarce. In this study, the effects of freeze–thaw events on the fluxes of the trace gases CO₂, N₂O, and NO between soil and atmosphere were investigated in a laboratory experiment. Undisturbed soil columns were collected from a mature Norway spruce forest in the “Fichtelgebirge”, SE Germany. The influence of freezing temperatures (–3°C, –8°C, –13°C) on gas fluxes was studied during the thawing periods (+5°C) in three freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) and compared to unfrozen controls (+5°C). Two different types of soil columns were examined in parallel—one consisting of O layer only (O columns) and one composed of O layer and mineral soil horizons (O+M columns)—to quantify the contribution of the organic layer and the top mineral soil to the production or consumption of these trace gases. During the thawing period, we observed increasing emissions of CO₂, N₂O, and NO from the spruce forest soil, but the cumulative emissions of these gases did mostly not exceed the level of the controls. The results show that the O layers were mainly involved in the gas production. Severe soil frost increased CO₂ fluxes during soil thawing, whereas repetition of the freeze–thaw events decreased CO₂ fluxes from the thawing soil. Fluxes of N₂O and NO were neither influenced by freezing temperature nor by freeze–thaw repetition. Stable‐isotope analysis indicated that denitrification was mostly responsible for the N₂O production in the FTC columns. Furthermore, isotope data demonstrated a consumption of N₂O through microbial denitrification to N₂. It was further shown, that production of N₂O also occurred in the mineral horizons. The NO emissions were mainly driven by increasing soil temperature during thawing. In this freeze–thaw experiment up to 20 times higher NO than N₂O fluxes were recorded. Our results suggest that topsoil thawing has little potential to increase the emissions of CO₂, N₂O, and NO in spruce forest soils.     

冻融作用下辽西风积土结构性变化

土的结构性是决定土体物理力学性质的根本因素之一,但是长期以来没有得到人们充分的重视。本文分别采用微观观测和宏观力学试验手段,分析由冻胀融沉作用而引起的辽西风积土结构性变化。通过试验发现,土的结构随着冻胀与融沉产生显著的变化,并且在冻融作用后,土的强度明显降低。本论文的研究使该区季节性冻土的结构性研究向前推进了一步。     

石河子地区年冻融指数的多尺度变化特征

基于石河子地区各气象站点1961─2013年的逐日平均气温数据,计算年冻融指数,并利用集合经验模态分解(EEMD)分析其多尺度变化特征。结果表明:在过去53 a,石河子地区冻结指数和融化指数的年际变化明显,其中冻结指数总体呈减少趋势,融化指数总体呈增加趋势,气候倾向率分别为-3.84℃·a-1和8.64℃·a-1。在年际变化上,冻结指数年际波动较大,其变幅为820~1 900.7℃;融化指数年际波动较小,变幅为3 518.8~4 577.9℃。在年代尺度上,冻结指数与气温呈明显的负相位,且两者的年际变化周期相同(3 a),年代尺度周期大致相当(10 a左右);融化指数与气温呈明显的正相位,且两者存在年际变化的同周期(3 a)。变化趋势特征表明,伴随着气温的增加,冻结指数呈非线性减少趋势,而融化指数呈非线性增加趋势。     

版纳微型猪近交系精子冷冻保存研究

在版纳微型猪近交系（BMI）公猪精液冷冻保存稀释液中添加不同浓度甘油,并对不同解冻液配方和解冻方法进行研究,对比解冻后的精子活力、质膜完整率和顶体完整率,优化BMI公猪精液冷冻保存方法。结果表明,解冻后,甘油浓度为2%和3%组的精子活力、质膜完整率、顶体完整率显著高于1%、4%和5%组（P<0.05）;Ⅰ号解冻液解冻后精子活力、质膜完整率、顶体完整率均显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ号解冻液（P<0.05）;在活力、质膜完整率和顶体完整率方面,40℃ 6 s和50℃ 6 s这两种程序的解冻效果都显著优于38℃ 30 s（P<0.05）。由此可见,2%或3%的甘油作为抗冻保护剂、Ⅰ号解冻液解冻、40℃ 6 s或50℃ 6 s水浴解冻是较为理想的BMI公猪精液冷冻保存方法。     

黑丝羽乌骨鸡精液DMA颗粒冷冻技术研究

为研究不同稀释液与解冻装置对黑丝乌骨鸡N,N-二甲基甲酰胺（N,N-dimethylformamide,DMA）颗粒冻精解冻后精子质量的影响,试验首先采用不同稀释液对精液进行稀释并比较其解冻后精子活力与人工输精的受精率;其次,选取不同解冻管及冻精颗粒数进行恒温水浴解冻,比较其活力;最后,依据解冻后的精子活力,筛选恒温水浴、恒温漏斗、恒温板3种解冻装置各自的最佳解冻温度,并利用各自最佳解冻温度解冻后的精液进行人工输精,检测受精率。结果显示：①不同稀释液组的精子活力与受精率高低趋势一致,为LR > F > B > L组,且各组之间差异显著（P < 0.05）。②在60℃恒温水浴中,用薄壁大玻璃管解冻的精子活力最好。③不同解冻装置有各自最佳解冻活力的温度范围,恒温水浴为50~60℃（0.51~0.59）、恒温漏斗为40~45℃（0.42~0.46）、恒温板为50~55℃（0.61~0.63）,每种装置最佳温度段内的精子活力差异不显著（P > 0.05）。④3种解冻装置最佳解冻状态相比：在精子活力上,60℃恒温水浴与55℃恒温板分别显著高于40℃恒温漏斗（P < 0.05）,但60℃恒温水浴与55℃恒温板之间差异不显著（P > 0.05）;在受精率上,55℃恒温板最高（26.91%）,60℃恒温水浴次之（23.08%）、40℃恒温漏斗最低（20.93%）,三者之间差异不显著（P > 0.05）。因此,黑丝羽乌骨鸡精液应采用LR稀释液、DMA冷冻保护剂及颗粒冷冻技术,在54.9℃恒温板解冻可获得较高的受精率。     

Short communication: Progressive motility of frozen–thawed canine semen is highest five minutes after thawing

Progressive motility is usually estimated by visual inspection using a light contrast microscope at X 100 immediately after semen collection or immediately after thawing frozen semen. Standard operating procedures have never been established for this test. The objective of this experiment was to examine time‐dependent changes of motility after thawing cryopreserved canine semen. Semen of 35 dogs was collected, and volume, concentration, progressive motility, morphology, membrane integrity and HOS test were evaluated. For cryopreservation, CaniPRO^® Freeze A&B was used. Semen was thawed and diluted using CaniPRO^® culture medium. After thawing, semen was evaluated as before. In addition, every sample was evaluated for progressively motile sperm cells 0, 5, 20 and 60 min after thawing. Progressive semen motility was significantly highest five minutes after thawing.