超高压解冻对不同方式冻结的鸡肉品质的影响

冻结、解冻的方法和技术对三黄鸡肉品质的冷冻保存起着及其重要的作用。该文以汁液流失量、色差、质构、蛋白变性为指标,研究通过不同的冻结方式（冰箱冻结、鼓风冻结、浸渍冻结）和不同的解冻方式（传统解冻方式、高压解冻）对三黄鸡肉品质的影响。高压解冻的压力设为100、150、200 MPa;介质温度为20℃;解冻时间按照Plank方程求出。结果表明：高压解冻能够明显的缩短解冻时间,但是汁液流失量较常压下解冻明显增大,而且差异显著（P＜0.05）;浸渍冻结方式与预期的效果相反,汁液流失量反而更大;150 MPa的汁液流失量要小于100、200 MPa的汁液流失量;亮度值（L*）、黄蓝值（b*）、总色差值（ΔE）经过高压解冻后都有很明显的增大趋势,与常压相比差异显著（P＜0.05）,而且不同大小的压力解冻对L*、b*的差异性显著（P＜0.05）,均随着压力的增大而增大;高压解冻后其硬度、咀嚼性都大于常压下解冻的值。高压解冻后,其Ca2+-ATPase活性和盐溶性蛋白含量急剧下降,与常压相比差异性显著（P＜0.05）;当高压超过100、150 MPa时,分别导致肌球蛋白、肌动蛋白的急剧变性,同时发现肌浆蛋白的变性程度要小于肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白的变性程度;DHpeakⅠ+Ⅱ+Ⅲ值经过高压解冻后急剧下降,与常压相比差异性显著（P＜0.05）。综上所述,超高压解冻虽然可以减少解冻的时间,但是解冻后的指标与新鲜的三黄鸡相差甚大,因此超高压并不适合于三黄鸡的解冻。     

渐次解冻土壤粒级沉降分选及碳氮盐分布特征

[目的] 将解冻逐层剥离过程与粒级沉降模拟相结合,探究融雪径流情景下坡面土壤逐层解冻过程中泥沙粒级分选规律及伴随的碳氮盐分布特性,为深入揭示东北坡面土层冻融侵蚀机理及伴生的微环境效应提供依据。[方法] 以东北坡面黑土为例,开展了土柱冻融试验,主要包括非冻融、全冻全融与冻结后渐次解冻(土柱置于浸水环境,由外至内分融化出T₁—T₃ 3层)处理,借助沉降管对各处理的土壤进行粒级沉降分选试验,对各分选粒级电导率(EC)、pH值、有机碳(SOC)、氮(TN)等进行了测定分析。[结果] ①土壤经全冻全融后,沉降分选所得＞500 μm和≤125 μm的颗粒含量减少,125～500 μm的颗粒增加;土壤EC在大粒级中较高;SOC和TN在大粒级中(＞500 μm)含量降低,在较小粒级(≤125 μm)含量增加。②渐次分层解冻土壤经沉降后,外层(T₁)≤63 μm颗粒偏少,内层(T₃)125～500 μm颗粒偏多;盐分和有机碳氮在外层大粒级中含量较高。③全冻全融土壤沉降后,盐分流失率达64.8%,SOC和TN流失率相对较低,为4.08%和2.72%;渐次解冻沉降处理内层(T₃)土壤盐分和有机质流失程度大于外层(T₁)。[结论] 冻融沉降后,外层土壤破碎程度大,坡面土壤颗粒趋向均质化;有机质含量在粒级间差异明显,其在小粒级土壤中分布更加稳定;盐分和有机质在冻融沉降过程中会从土壤内层向外层迁移而造成流失。     

Comprehensive conservation planning to protect biodiversity and ecosystem services in Canadian boreal regions under a warming climate and increasing exploitation

Boreal regions contain more than half of the carbon in forested regions of the world and over 60% of the world’s surface freshwater. Carbon storage and the flood control and water filtration provided by freshwaters and wetlands have recently been identified as the most important ecosystem services provided by boreal regions, with a value many times greater than current resource exploitation. Ecosystem services and sensitive ways of detecting their impairment have so far not been fully included in boreal conservation planning. Climate warming, via its effect on permafrost melting, insect damage, and forest fire, threatens to trigger large positive carbon feedbacks that may enhance the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, further amplifying climate warming. In a water-scarce world, there is increasing pressure to divert and exploit boreal freshwaters, and devising conservation plans to protect boreal freshwaters and their catchments is urgent. We propose a catchment-based approach that includes water and chemical mass-balances as a sensitive means of detecting early degradation of many ecosystem services in both catchments and freshwaters, and give some examples of where this has been advantageous in the past. The necessary modifications to current conservation planning are simple ones, and the advantages are great.     

Microbial community composition shapes enzyme patterns in topsoil and subsoil horizons along a latitudinal transect in Western Siberia

Soil horizons below 30 cm depth contain about 60% of the organic carbon stored in soils. Although insight into the physical and chemical stabilization of soil organic matter (SOM) and into microbial community composition in these horizons is being gained, information on microbial functions of subsoil microbial communities and on associated microbially-mediated processes remains sparse. To identify possible controls on enzyme patterns, we correlated enzyme patterns with biotic and abiotic soil parameters, as well as with microbial community composition, estimated using phospholipid fatty acid profiles. Enzyme patterns (i.e. distance-matrixes calculated from these enzyme activities) were calculated from the activities of six extracellular enzymes (cellobiohydrolase, leucine-amino-peptidase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, chitotriosidase, phosphatase and phenoloxidase), which had been measured in soil samples from organic topsoil horizons, mineral topsoil horizons, and mineral subsoil horizons from seven ecosystems along a 1500 km latitudinal transect in Western Siberia. We found that hydrolytic enzyme activities decreased rapidly with depth, whereas oxidative enzyme activities in mineral horizons were as high as, or higher than in organic topsoil horizons. Enzyme patterns varied more strongly between ecosystems in mineral subsoil horizons than in organic topsoils. The enzyme patterns in topsoil horizons were correlated with SOM content (i.e., C and N content) and microbial community composition. In contrast, the enzyme patterns in mineral subsoil horizons were related to water content, soil pH and microbial community composition. The lack of correlation between enzyme patterns and SOM quantity in the mineral subsoils suggests that SOM chemistry, spatial separation or physical stabilization of SOM rather than SOM content might determine substrate availability for enzymatic breakdown. The correlation of microbial community composition and enzyme patterns in all horizons, suggests that microbial community composition shapes enzyme patterns and might act as a modifier for the usual dependency of decomposition rates on SOM content or C/N ratios.     

湿地表层沉积物对重金属的吸附研究

采用动态吸附法研究霍林河向海湿地表层沉积物在融冻条件下对重金属元素的吸附行为,并探讨了pH值、温度、吸附剂浓度等因素对吸附的影响,绘制了重金属Cu、Zn、Mn、Pb4种元素在融冻条件下的吸附等温线。结果表明,pH值、温度、吸附剂浓度是影响吸附的主要因素,吸附量与吸附剂浓度呈线性关系。在融冻条件下,随着pH值的升高,Cu、Zn的吸附量在pH=6～8之间发生突跃,而Pb则在pH>9时呈现下降趋势。实验范围的温度变化对吸附量的影响不大。4种重金属元素的吸附都符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温方程。     

CO2 emissions from soils of different depths of a permafrost peatland,Northeast China: response to simulated freezing–thawing cycles

Soil freezing–thawing cycle (FTC) is an important factor controlling C dynamics in mid–high latitude regions, especially in the permafrost regions impacted by global warming. Nonetheless, the response of C cycling in the deeper active layers of permafrost regions to FTC remains far from certain. We aimed to characterize the emission of CO₂ from soils of multiple depths as impacted by FTC and its relationship with active organic C (OC) and enzyme activities. We collected soil samples from three soil layers (0–15, 15–30, and 30–45 cm) of an undisturbed peatland in the Da Xing'anling Mountains, NE China, and then subjected them to various freezing (10 to –10°C) and thawing (–10 to 10°C) cycles. Soil CO₂ emissions, two active OC fractions, and activities of three enzymes were monitored during incubation periods. At the thawing stage of the first FTC, CO₂ emission rates in the three soil layers presented transient peaks being ≈ 1.6–1.7 times higher than those of the unfrozen control sample. Although FTC did not change the overall patterns of decreasing CO₂ emission along the soil profile, FTC significantly reduced the amount of CO₂ emission when compared with the unfrozen control sample, possibly because the small CO₂ emission at the freezing stage neutralized the peak of CO₂ emission at the thawing stage. This study suggests that in the active layer of permafrost peatlands, CO₂ emission during FTCs may be lower than the emission under higher temperatures, but experiment with more temperature gradients should be encouraged to verify this conclusion in the future. Meanwhile, FTC significantly increased water extracted OC release from the three soil layers, ≈ 1.2–1.6 times higher compared to the unfrozen control sample, indicating that soil carbon loss in the form of leachate may increase during freezing–thawing periods. Additionally, the CO₂ emissions impacted by FTCs were significantly correlated with active OC fractions and enzyme activities, which indicated that active OC and enzymes were sensitive to FTCs, and surviving microbes and enzymes might use the increased liable substrates and induce the CO₂ emission during freezing–thawing periods.     

Effects of pretreatment of soil samples on N mineralization in incubation experiments

Summary We studied the effects of pretreating soil samples (field-fresh, drying at 40° and 105°C, freezing/thawing) on N mineralization in an incubation experiment and on the dynamics of the organic N fraction extracted by K₂SO₄ solution. The soil samples were collected from plots in a long-term field experiment with the application of mineral fertilizer and farmyard manure. Compared with the field-fresh soil samples, freezing/thawing resulted in higher NO ₃ ^– -N contents while the NH ₄ ⁺ -N and the organic N content were increased by drying at 105°C. During the incubation period N mineralization was highest after the samples were dried at 105°C and a little lower in those dried at 40°C. After freezing/thawing the order of magnitude of N mineralization remained the same. The difference in organic N between the beginning and the end of the incubation experiment and the mineral N content at the end of the experiment were correlated significantly. Despite this correlation, however, the change in the organic N content underestimated the N mineralization rates.     

南极半岛海洋气候区的土壤Ⅳ.分类问题

本文简要论述了早期南极土壤分类研究工作。对在南极海洋性气候区应用《美国土壤系统分类》和《国际土壤分类参比基础》进行土壤分类工作的最新实践进行了阐述和比较;同时,依照《中国土壤系统分类》对本区进行了初步的分类尝试。研究结果显示,南极海洋性气候区的主要土壤分别属于《美国土壤系统分类》冻土纲下的各级单元。比较而言,其他两个分类系统在本区的应用相对困难。     

Water, Salt and Heat Influences on Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Seasonally Frozen Soils in Hetao Irrigation District, Inner Mongolia, China

To investigate carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics in seasonally frozen soils under saline and shallow groundwater supply conditions, in-situ lysimeter experiments with different groundwater table depths (WTD=1.8 and 2.2 m) were conducted in Inner Mongolia, China during the wintertime of 2012-2013. Changes in soil organic C and total N in multiple layers during various periods, as well as their relationships with soil water, salt, and heat dynamics were analyzed. Accumulation of soil organic C and total N during freezing periods was strongly related to water and salt accumulation under temperature and water potential gradients. Water and salt showed direct influences on soil C and N dynamics by transporting them to upper layer and changing soil microbial activity. Salt accumulation in the upper layer during freezing and thawing of soil affected microbial activity by lowering osmotic potential, resulting in lower C/N ratio. Nitrogen in soil tended to be more mobile with water during freezing and thawing than organic C, and the groundwater table also served as a water source for consecutive upward transport of dissolved N and C. The changes in C and N in the upper 10 cm soil layer served as a good sign for identification of water and salt influences on soil microbial activity during freezing/thawing.     

Climatic responses of tree-ring widths of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix gmelinii</Emphasis> on contrasting north-facing and south-facing slopes in central Siberia

An analysis was performed on the climatic responses of the radial growth of Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. on contrasting north-facing and south-facing slopes in Tura, central Siberia. We developed chronologies of tree-ring width for four plots, designated as north-upper, northlower, south-upper, and south-lower. Both residual and standard chronologies of tree-ring widths exhibited a significant positive correlation with temperature from the end of May until early June in all four plots. The chronologies of ring width did not reveal any major difference in the response to temperature among the four plots. The standard chronologies of ring widths on the north-facing slope were negatively correlated with precipitation during the winter (October–April) and in early and mid-May, whereas the residual chronologies did not reveal clear relationships with precipitation during the winter and May. The significant correlation between ring width and temperature from the end of May until early June indicates that temperatures in springtime play a significant role in the radial growth of L. gmelinii. The negative correlations between standard chronologies of tree-ring width and precipitation in the winter and in May on the north-facing slope indicate that lowfrequency fluctuations in snowfall have negative effects on the radial growth. However, these effects vary and depend on the microscale topography. Part of this report was presented at the 55th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Society, March 2005, Kyoto