径流冲刷条件下冻融坡面产沙时空分布

为确定冲刷条件下冻融坡面侵蚀产沙时空分布特征,利用稀土元素(REE)示踪技术,采用2个坡度(10°,15°),4个初始解冻深度(2,5,10,15cm),4个流量(4.5,6.5,8.5,10.5L/min)进行径流小区冲刷试验,分析冻融坡面侵蚀产沙时空变化规律。结果表明:相同初始解冻深度条件下土壤侵蚀产沙量随着坡度和流量的增大而增大,坡面第1坡段发生侵蚀最大,占总产沙量的68.24%,第3坡段产沙量一直趋于平稳状态;坡度相同时,侵蚀产沙量随着起始解冻深度和流量的增大而增大;冻融坡面侵蚀产沙量沿坡面方向和沿土壤深度方向逐渐降低;La元素示踪区产沙量随时间变化呈先增大后减小的趋势,其他各稀土元素示踪区产沙量随侵蚀时间变化的趋势与La元素示踪区产沙量的变化趋势基本一致。     

解冻期坡面降雨入渗特征及模拟试验研究

通过室内人工模拟降雨试验和水量平衡方法,研究解冻期坡面降雨入渗规律。试验处理包括4个初始解冻深度(0,2,4,6cm)和3个降雨强度(0.6,0.9,1.2mm/min)。结果表明:(1)在坡面的降雨入渗过程中,随降雨历时的延长,入渗率呈由高到低的变化,波动性明显;(2)坡面初始入渗率受降雨强度的影响较大,0.9,1.2mm/min雨强下的初始入渗率显著大于0.6mm/min下的初始入渗率(p0.05);不同初始解冻深度下的稳定入渗率相差较小,平均入渗率的变化趋势与稳定入渗率的变化趋势相似,均随初始解冻深度的增加呈现先减小后增大,临界解冻深度为4cm;初始解冻深度为6cm时的累计入渗量显著大于解冻深度为0,2,4cm的累计入渗量(p0.05);累计入渗量在0.6mm/min雨强下随初始解冻深度的增加而增加,而在0.9,1.2mm/min雨强下呈先减小后增大的变化趋势,临界解冻深度分别为2,4cm;(3)采用Kostiakov模型、Horton模型、蒋定生模型和Philip模型对试验结果进行模拟后发现,Horton模型最能反映解冻期坡面土壤降雨入渗的特征。研究结果可为揭示解冻期产流机制变化以及土壤侵蚀规律提供参考。     

施肥处理对春季冻融期灰漠土农田温室气体排放的影响

绿洲灰漠土冻融交替明显,但缺乏该时期气体通量及动态变化方面的研究。选取NPK(氮磷钾肥)、NPKS(0.9NPK+0.1秸秆氮)、NPKM(1/3NPK+2/3羊粪氮)和NPKM+(1.5倍NPKM)处理作为研究对象,利用静态箱气相色谱法开展2013—2014年春季冻融期温室气体排放观测试验。结果显示,春季冻融期间,有机肥添加处理CO_2排放量较高,其中NPKM+和NPKM处理CO_2平均排放量分别为C 113 mg m~(-2) h~(-1)和85 mg m~(-2) h~(-1),其次为NPKS(72 mg m~(-2) h~(-1))、NPK(75 mg m~(-2) h~(-1))和CK(35 mg m~(-2) h~(-1))。同样,NPKM+和NPKM处理有相对更高的N_2O排放,春冻平均排放通量分别为N 73μg m~(-2) h~(-1)和42μg m~(-2) h~(-1),显著高于NPKS(22μg m~(-2) h~(-1))和NPK(17μg m~(-2) h~(-1))处理(p0.05)。CH_4排放量相对较低,各处理无明显差异(p0.05)。分析发现,N_2O在冻融期呈现先增加后急剧减少的趋势,CO_2变幅不明显。与全年总排放量相比,冻融期(27 d)N_2O的排放量占全年的9%~18%,CH_4冻融期间排放比重占全年排放量的6%~14%。所以,冻融交替期是灰漠土农田温室气体排放的相对高发时期,估算温室气体排放时应充分考虑。     

黑河上游地表冻融指数与径流关系

[目的]探讨黑河上游地表冻融指数与径流的关系,为该流域的径流预测及水资源合理开发利用提供科学依据。[方法]利用1979—2006年黑河上游西支水文站和气象站的月平均径流、降水和气温资料,对该流域冻融指数变化、融化和冻结阶段径流变化进行分析,并对地表冻融指数与径流的关系做了进一步探讨。[结果]冻结指数和融化指数分别具有明显减少和增加的趋势,且在1990—2005年表现更为突出。径流在融化阶段变化趋势不明显,在冻结阶段呈现减少趋势,其中冬季径流减少趋势较为明显。季节冻融过程对冬季径流减少具有较为重要的影响,主要表现为冻结指数显著减小,表明土壤季节冻结过程中气温升高,这很可能使得冬季地表积雪更多地进行升华,从而削减了对径流的补给,导致了径流量的减少;融化指数显著增大,导致土壤季节融化深度增加了13~14cm,从而增加了土壤的调蓄空间,使得部分地表水储存于活动层,导致地表冬季径流量减少。[结论]季节冻融变化是影响黑河上游径流的一个不可忽视的特殊因子。     

Methane turnover and temperature response of methane-oxidizing bacteria in permafrost-affected soils of northeast Siberia

The abundance, activity, and temperature response of aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria were studied in permafrost-affected tundra soils of northeast Siberia. The soils were characterized by both a high accumulation of organic matter at the surface and high methane concentrations in the water-saturated soils. The methane oxidation rates of up to 835 nmol CH₄ h⁻¹ g⁻¹ in the surface soils were similar to the highest values reported so far for natural wetland soils worldwide. The temperature response of methane oxidation was measured during short incubations and revealed maximum rates between 22 °C and 28 °C. The active methanotrophic community was characterized by its phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentrations and with stable isotope probing (SIP). Concentrations of 16:1ω8 and 18:1ω8 PLFAs, specific to methanotrophic bacteria, correlated significantly with the potential methane oxidation rates. In all soils, distinct 16:1 PLFAs were dominant, indicating a predominance of type I methanotrophs. However, long-term incubation of soil samples at 0 °C and 22 °C demonstrated a shift in the composition of the active community with rising temperatures. At 0 °C, only the concentrations of 16:1 PLFAs increased and those of 18:1 PLFAs decreased, whereas the opposite was true at 22 °C. Similarly, SIP with ¹³CH₄ showed a temperature-dependent pattern. When the soils were incubated at 0 °C, most of the incorporated label (83%) was found in 16:1 PLFAs and only 2% in 18:1 PLFAs. In soils incubated at 22 °C, almost equal amounts of ¹³C label were incorporated into 16:1 PLFAs and 18:1 PLFAs (33% and 36%, respectively). We concluded that the highly active methane-oxidizing community in cold permafrost-affected soils was dominated by type I methanotrophs under in situ conditions. However, rising temperatures, as predicted for the future, seem to increase the importance of type II methanotrophs, which may affect methane cycling in northern wetlands.     

兴安落叶松林下冻土中锰元素的分布规律研究

通过对我国典型寒温带兴安落叶松林区的原始林、间伐林、原始湿地三种生态系统冻土中锰元素含量以及影响锰元素含量因素的研究,得出以下结论:①三种生态系统冻土中锰元素含量范围为0.33-6.83gkg-1;②对冻土中锰元素含量的影响程度由大到小的因素为土壤层次、生态系统、坡向和坡位;③锰元素含量表层最高,向下含量逐渐减少;④三种生态系统锰元素含量由高到低的顺序为原始林、间伐林、原始湿地,坡中、坡下锰含量高于坡上,阴坡锰含量高于阳坡。     

大型U形混凝土衬砌渠道季节性冻融水热耦合模型研究

依据温度梯度理论,论述了大型U形混凝土衬砌渠道冻胀机理;运用原型观测成果,建立了大型U形混凝土衬砌渠道季节性冻融水热耦合二维模型,采用混合型Richards方程对冻结过程中渠基非饱和土壤水分运移进行了模拟;并用冻结水分运移量、气温和冻深观测值分别建立了冻深、冻胀预测模型.经检验:模拟曲线和预测曲线与原型观测曲线基本吻合.该研究为大型U形混凝土衬砌渠道设计、推广应用提供了理论依据.     

不同冻结和解冻方法对金针菜品质及膜脂过氧化的影响

以“大乌嘴”金针菜为材料,通过测定解冻时间、汁液流失率、可溶性固形物和叶绿素含量、脂氧合酶（LOX）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量等指标,研究不同冻结和解冻方法对金针菜品质和膜脂过氧化的影响。结果表明,冻结处理中,P7和P8冻结方法明显地降低了汁液流失率、维持了较高的可溶性固形物和叶绿素含量,延缓了速冻金针菜品质的下降;解冻方法中,微波解冻能够有效地减少金针菜解冻后品质的下降,抑制LOX活性和MDA含量的升高,减少冷冻对细胞膜完整性的破坏作用。综合分析,微波解冻结合P7或P8冻结处理是解决速冻金针菜解冻后品质下降的理想方法。     

Birth of puppies after intrauterine and intratubal insemination with frozen-thawed canine semen

The present study was performed to assess the fertility of frozen-thawed dog semen prepared by freezing with 6% glycerol and thawing at 70℃ for 8 sec, and to evaluate the least number of post-thaw spermatozoa necessary to achieve pregnancy by intrauterine or intratubal artificial insemination. It was found that the pregnancy rate of intrauterine artificial insemination was 100% using 6% glycerol buffer and thawing at 70℃ for 8 sec with 5 × 10⁷ spermatozoa. Even though the pregnancy rate (80%) and the whelping rate (24.5%) in the 5 × 10⁶ spermatozoa inseminated group were lower than those of the 5 × 10⁷ spermatozoa group, conception was confirmed with 5 × 10⁶ spermatozoa. Although the pregnancy rate of intratubal insemination was low (20%) with 4 × 10⁶ spermatozoa, this study is the first report to show the pregnancy rate of intratubal insemination with frozen-thawed ejaculated canine semen. In order to improve the pregnancy rate with intratubal insemination of canine spermatozoa, it is necessary to investigate the optimal insemination site of the uterine tube, the appropriate number of sperm, and the direct effect of buffer on oocytes.     

Infiltration of melting saline ice water in soil columns: Consequences on soil moisture and salt content

A soil column experiment was conducted to study the water and salt redistribution in a coastal saline soil under infiltration of saline ice meltwater. Four salinity levels (0, 5000, 10,000, and 15,000 mg l⁻¹ diluted seawater) and three volumes (1800, 2700, and 3600 ml) of source water were used. The results indicated that the soil water content increased with the volume of applied ice. In the top soil layers, water content was higher under salt-free ice treatment than under saline ice treatments. In the deeper soil layers, however, the saline ice treatments showed higher water content than the salt-free ice treatment. While infiltration of meltwater reduced the salt content of the surface layer of all the treatments, the desalting depths of the saline ice treatments were greater than the desalting depth of the salt-free ice treatment. The results demonstrated that in the monsoon regions, saline soils could be improved through infiltration with meltwater of saline ice.