耕层土壤颗粒表面的分形维数及其与主要土壤特性的关系

四川 1 6个耕地表层的土壤颗粒表面分形维数D为 2 80 5～ 2 942 ,其中砂土2 82 1、壤土 2 870、粘壤土 2 91 6和粘土 2 939。统计分析表明D分别与国际制粗砂粒和细砂粒含量呈极显著负相关 ,与粉粒和粘粒含量呈极显著正相关 ;它与粉粒、粘粒和有机质含量的偏相关关系达极显著水平 ,与容重的偏相关关系达显著水平     

土壤颗粒的分形特征及其应用

本文应用土壤颗粒的质量分布原理来描述土壤颗粒的分形特征。通过对10种土壤颗粒的机械组成进行分析,分别计算出它们的分形维数（D=2.489～2.896）,并分析了其与土壤质地之间的关系。同时对土壤颗粒分形维数与所对应土壤的幂函数型水分特征曲线的拟合分形维数进行比较分析,建立了二者之间的相关关系。结果表明:分形维数的大小反映了土壤质地中粘粒、粉粒和砂粒含量的变化,随粘粒含量的增多分形维数增大,随砂粒含量的增多分形维数减小;同时土壤颗粒分形维数与所对应的水分特征曲线的拟合分形维数呈现出良好的一致性,因而对所研究的土壤而言,可应用土壤颗粒的质量分形维数结合幂函数模型来估算土壤水分特性曲线。     

Wind erosion and sand accumulation effects on soil properties in Horqin Sandy Farmland,Inner Mongolia

Rain-fed agriculture is widespread in Inner Mongolia, northern China, where wind erosion of farmland is very common because of sandy soil and dry, windy weather. However, very little is known about the effects of wind erosion on soil physical and chemical properties in this region. A field experiment was conducted in sandy farmland, where erosional and depositional gradients were established to evaluate the effects of wind erosion and leeward sand accumulation on soil texture, nutrient content, soil water, and soil temperature. The research showed that long term wind erosion could result in significant soil coarseness, infertility and dryness. Severe erosion reduced clay by 59.6%, organic C by 71.2%, total N by 67.4%, total P by 31.4%, available N by 64.5%, available P by 38.8%, and average soil water content by 51.8%, compared with non-eroded farmland in the study region. The sand fraction (particles > 0.05 mm), pH and ground-surface temperature increased by 6.2%, 3.7%, and 2.2 °C, respectively. Accumulated sand also caused a decrease in nutrients and soil water content. Under severe sand accumulation, clay was reduced by 2.0%, organic C by 19.3%, total N by 21.7%, total P by 13.7%, available N by 52.5%, and average soil water content by 26.6%. The sand fraction, pH, available P, and ground-surface temperature increased by 0.2%, 0.9%, 5.8% and 2.8 °C, respectively.     

Validating the use of Cs measurements to estimate rates of soil redistribution by wind

Wind erosion has degraded over one-half billion hectares of land worldwide. ¹³⁷Cesium (¹³⁷Cs) has been used as a tracer to study long-term rates of soil redistribution by water and, to a lesser extent, by wind. Early studies assumed that the decline in ¹³⁷Cs activity for a potentially eroded soil relative to that for an uneroded soil was linearly proportional to soil loss. More recently, models have emerged that consider the effects of soil cultivation and the particle surface area-dependent partitioning of ¹³⁷Cs on soils. We investigated the partitioning of ¹³⁷Cs in wind-eroded sediments and with soil surface samples sieved into contiguous ranges of particle sizes. We also compared the ¹³⁷Cs activities and stratification of several adjacent soils with known wind erosion and deposition histories. Finally, we tested ¹³⁷Cs-based soil loss models with measured data from sites with documented histories. ¹³⁷Cs activities and mean particle diameters of aeolian samples agreed well with the ¹³⁷Cs activities and respective mean diameters of the sieved surface soil samples. Good agreement between model estimations and measured data indicated that ¹³⁷Cs models developed to estimate soil redistribution by water were also applicable to soil redistribution by wind provided that the models contained an appropriate particle size correction parameter.     

不同风沙土壤颗粒的分形特征

应用土壤颗粒的重量与粒径分布原理来描述了古尔班通古特沙漠地风沙土壤颗粒的分形特征。通过对10种样品颗粒的机械组成进行分析,分别计算出了它们的分形维数(D=2.3237～2.9347),并分析了其与流动风沙土、半固定风沙土和固定风沙土之间的关系。分析结果表明,风沙土壤结构具有明显的分形特征,其粒径分布分形维数为2～3。土粒表面分形维数与2～0.2mm间的土粒含量存在显著的负相关;而与0.02～0.002mm和<0.002mm的颗粒含量存在显著的正相关,表现为随着土壤质地从流动风沙土、半固定风沙土到固定风沙土的变化,其土粒表面的平均分形维数呈依次增高。土粒表面分形维数与三种典型风沙土壤有机质含量为极显著正相关,而与其硬度为显著负相关。     

紫色土光谱特征及其碱解氮的预测研究

文章分析探索了应用可见近红外光谱技术快速、高效、便捷测定土壤营养参数的可能性。采集蓬莱镇组紫色土样本,比对分析了不同肥力水平、土壤厚度和土壤粒径条件下采集土壤光谱对可见近红外光谱特征的影响,筛选出不同厚度、粒径土壤条件下的碱解氮含量预测模型。研究结果表明,土壤样本厚度为30mm时具有最大的光谱反射率,建立的氮含量预测模型效果最佳,校正集和验证集的相关系数分别为0.84和0.83,均方根误差分别为1.79和1.87。土样粒径在0.25-0.85mm时氮含量的预测效果最佳,校正集和验证集的相关系数均超过0.8,且均方根误差较小;但当土样粒径<0.25mm时,氮含量预测模型效果明显下降。采用20目（<0.85mm）过筛、30mm厚度土壤样本采集可见近红外光谱和偏最小二乘法（PLS）模型预测,可以实现对蓬莱镇组紫色土碱解氮含量的较好光谱预测。     

白浆土、黑土、草甸土土壤颗粒组成及微团聚体比较研究

用吸管法测定白浆土、黑土和草甸土的土壤颗粒组成和微团聚体,结果是白浆土普遍存在有粘化层,粘粒的淋淀指数为1.32—3.86,以典型白浆土粘化较重,淋淀指数达2.95～3.86;草甸白浆土和潜育白浆土淋淀指数为1.32—2.55。草甸土和黑土一般无粘化层。粉粒的淋淀指数,白浆土较小,说明粉粒在白浆层中有积累。土壤中的微团聚体组成变化比较复杂,三种土壤之间无一定规律。总的说来,因受腐殖质的影响,三种土壤表层分散系数较低,一般均小于10％;白浆土的分散系数较大,下部土层达20—37％,说明白浆土的母质有较大的分散性。有些黑土和草甸土分散系数虽大,但粘粒没有发生悬浮迁移,这可能与土壤渗透性弱有关。     

长期施用不同有机肥对土壤各粒级复合体中C、N、P含量与分配的影响

 通过田间试验研究了长期定位施用不同有机肥种类对土壤各粒级复合体组成及其中C、N、P含量与分配的影响。结果表明 ,经过 1 4年 2 9茬连续施肥 ,土壤的复合体组成较对照发生了改变 ,0～ 2 μm粒级的含量减少 ,2～ 1 0 μm粒径颗粒所占的比重增加 ,其它粒级变化较小。不同粒级复合体中有机碳、全氮及全磷含量的高低顺序为 :<2μm>2～ 1 0μm>50～ 1 0 0μm >1 0～50 μm,尽管 1 0～ 50 μm粒级有机碳、全氮与全磷的含量都最低 ,但因该粒级占土壤固相的比重最多 ,因此该粒级中 C、N、P对土壤肥力的贡献较大。长期连续施肥后土壤及不同粒级中 C、N、P的含量都增加 ,但不同元素在不同粒级中的增幅因肥料种类而异。从分配系数上看 ,长期施入土壤的N、P肥主要进入 2～ 1 0 μm粒级的颗粒中 ,说明该粒级对土壤养分的循环、转化和保存起重要作用     

茶树菇菌糠复合红泥土基质对西瓜育苗的影响

研究不同茶树菇菌糠复合基质对西瓜穴盘育苗的影响,旨在筛选出适用于西瓜育苗的基质配方。试验分别用3~5 mm、<3 mm 2 种粒径的茶树菇菌糠,按照不同比例与红泥土复合并进行西瓜穴盘育苗试验,研究不同基质下西瓜苗的各项指标差异。结果表明：随着复合基质中茶树菇菌糠体积比例的增加,西瓜苗的成苗率、干物质积累、壮苗指数等指标总体呈现上升趋势;而当基质中菌糠体积比例超过70%时,西瓜苗各指标有所下降;复合基质中菌糠比例为70%时较为适宜于西瓜穴盘育苗,且小粒径菌糠较大粒径复合基质更有利于西瓜苗的生长。茶树菇菌糠复合红泥土基质可用于西瓜穴盘育苗,建议使用小粒径(<3 mm)茶树菇菌糠:红泥土=7:3的配方进行西瓜育苗。     

不同干豆豆浆机制备豆浆的主要品质评价

以大豆为原料选用我国2个主导品牌的3款豆浆机(九阳精磨豆浆机、九阳无网干豆豆浆机、美的无网干豆豆浆机)制作豆浆,从蛋白质含量、蛋白质回收率、豆浆颗粒度及感官特性等方面对豆浆品质进行评价.结果表明:豆浆的蛋白含量为1.72%～2.66%,蛋白回收率为47.13%～68.66%,带有精磨器的豆浆机制备的豆浆蛋白含量及蛋白回...