Effect of differently post-treated dewatered sewage sludge on β-glucosidase activity,microbial biomass carbon,basal respiration and carbohydrates contents of soils from limestone quarries

This work has evaluated the effects of thermally dried (TDS) or composted (CDS) dewatered sewage sludge on β-glucosidase activity, total (TCH) and extractable (ECH) carbohydrate content, microbial biomass carbon and basal respiration of soils from limestone quarries under laboratory conditions. Two doses (low and high) of the dewatered sludge (DS) or of the respective TDS or CDS were applied to a clayey and a sandy soil, both coming from working quarries. The soil mixtures and the controls (soils with no added sludge) were incubated for 9 months at 25°C and 30% of field capacity. The addition of sludge increased all the studied soil parameters, and the increase depended on the amount of sludge. Except in the case of TCH and ECH, the enhancing effect decreased with time, but at the end of incubation, parameters of the treated soils were higher than those of the control. The rank order of the initial stimulating effect was soil–TDS ≥ soil–DS ≥ soil–CDS, and probably, this order depended on the proportion of stable organic matter, which was the lowest in the TDS. Values of metabolic quotient (qCO₂) were higher at the lower dose, and they did not change during incubation in the CDS-treated soils. Both TCH and ECH were the parameters with the greatest significant sludge and dose effects. Basal respiration, microbial biomass carbon and β-glucosidase activity were the best measured parameters in distinguishing the long-term effects of the three sludge types over the soils.     

沙质农田表层土壤水分扩散率测定及氯化钴试纸的应用研究

非饱和土壤水分扩散率是研究土壤水分运动规律必不可少的基本参数之一。本文应用水平土柱入渗法测定了科尔沁沙地沙质农田表层土壤的非饱和水分扩散率,并对氯化钴试纸在测定水分扩散率中的应用作了初步尝试和研究。主要结论如下：沙质农田表层土壤湿润锋迁移速率随着入渗距离的增大而减小,呈幂函数关系;波尔兹曼参数与土壤含水量呈直线关系;土壤水分扩散率与土壤含水量之间的关系,符合经验公式并呈指数函数变化。在应用水平土柱法测定非饱和土壤水分扩散率的过程中,氯化钴试纸法可以用于测定湿润锋的位置,特别是在高土壤含水量时,相比目视法而言更能显示其优势,在一定程度上可以提高测定结果的可靠性。     

重庆市城市污泥中的重金属及其农用环境容量

城市污泥农用的环境风险取决于城市污泥中的污染物含量及土壤理化性质。该文分析了重庆市10个城市污水处理厂污泥中的Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd含量及形态,根据土壤环境容量及氮肥施用量计算了重庆主要旱地土壤的最大施用量和年施用量。结果表明,重庆市城市污泥中的Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd含量分别为362.12～725.32mg/kg,69.84～170.22mg/kg,21.25～107.24mg/kg和1.26～4.25mg/kg。污泥中不稳定态Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd的比例分别为42.89%～44.74%,2.69%～9.45%,0.95%～12.06%和61.05%～79.91%。根据土壤重金属的静态容量,计算出重庆主要旱地土壤紫色土和黄壤城市污泥的一次性最高施用量分别为384.62t/hm2和98.90t/hm2。根据土壤重金属动态容量,以15、20、50为年限,计算出的城市污泥的年施用量,紫色土为66.10,60.91和55.71t/(hm2·a),黄壤为30.32,28.99和27.53t/(hm2·a)。根据作物的需氮量计算城市污泥的年施用量为3.04～6.40t/(hm2·a),该施用量低于根据土壤环境的动态容量计算的施用量,按此用量施用城市污泥更安全。     

Contribution of sewage sludge to erosion control in the rehabilitation of limestone quarries

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high doses of municipal sludge on soil aggregation and to assess its value for soil erosion reduction, both under natural and in simulated rainfall conditions. Doses of 200 and 400 Mg ha⁻¹ sewage sludge (dry weight) were applied to the soil of experimental plots situated on a 28 degree slope. Two sludge application procedures were tested: pre-mixing into the soil before disposal on the slope, and direct application on the soil surface. Sheet erosion was measured by collecting the sediment carried down to a Gerlach trough situated at the base of the plots. Simulated rainfall, with an intensity of 64 mm h⁻¹, was applied to evaluate soil erodibility. When the soil had no vegetation, the erosion measured on plots treated with sludge represented less than 10 per cent of the erosion from the control plot. Even when the vegetation was well developed, the erosion was also lower in the plots where sludge had been applied. In simulated rainfall, the soil loss was inversely proportional to the sludge dose, and when sludge was applied directly on the soil surface the erosion rates and particle mobilization caused by raindrop impact were minimal. Sludge amendments increase infiltration rates and improve soil structure, increasing the mean weight diameter of aggregates and their water resistance.     

Geomorphic estimates of the stability of a uranium mill tailings containment cover: Nabarlek,Northern Territory,Australia

The geomorphic stability of the cover (cap) over the pit of Nabarlek Uranium Mine in Arnhem Land, Northern Australia, is important because radon gas and other long-lived radio-nuclides arising from mill tailings must be contained for long periods. The primary agents of denudation in the region's seasonally wet tropical environment of low relief are rainwash, overland flow, rilling and gullying. Other agents of erosion are of less concern, although biogenic agents of erosion (e.g. termites and windthrow) may enhance fluvial activity. A combination of modelling, using the Universal Soil Loss Equation, and analogue estimates of denudation and thresholds of rilling and gullying from areas with similar geology, topography and climate are used to estimate the stability of the Nabarlek cover. Denudation rates are conservatively estimated at less than 100mm ky⁻¹. It is suggested that with some minor design modifications the cover will retain its integrity for several thousand years.     

武汉市排水污泥特性及其农用可行性分析

对武汉市3个主要污水处理厂污泥的化学组成进行了两个月的连续监测,结果表明,污泥中有机质和N、P、K等养分含量丰富,重金属含量远低于国家规定的控制标准范围,可作为有机肥资源加以利用;同时对利用污泥开发商品有机肥的可行性及其应用前景进行了分析,提出了污泥农用资源化的相应措施.     

好氧亚硝化颗粒污泥中硝化细菌群落结构分析

在小试好氧上流式污泥床(AUSB)反应器中,实现了由厌氧颗粒污泥到好氧硝化污泥再到亚硝化颗粒污泥的转化,AUSB反应器的亚硝化率稳定在90%以上.利用FISH、荧光实时定量PCR等技术,考察了AUSB反应器中好氧颗粒污泥中硝化菌群的生态分布.结果表明:好氧亚硝化颗粒污泥呈层状结构,氨氧化细菌(AOB)主要分布在颗粒污泥表层,亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOB)多分布在内层,颗粒内核则无活性细胞;随反应器氨氮负荷逐渐提高,颗粒污泥中AOB的相对含量逐渐升高,当NH₃-N负荷分别为0、0.4、1、     

短程硝化反应器过程动力学特性研究

    采用脉冲刺激响应技术对内循环颗粒污泥床短程硝化反应器进行了示踪试验,结果表明反应器循环区的串联级数N为1.02,流态接近全混流反应器(CSTR),反应器沉淀区的分散数D/uL为0.00148,流态接近平推流反应器(PFR),整个反应器的流动模型可以表示为全混流反应器和平推流反应器的串联组合.对内循环颗粒污泥床短程硝化反应器曝气过程中的氨逃逸进行了分析,建立了氨逃逸的动力学模型,测得稳态运行时氨逃逸系数KNH3为0.692 L·h-1.通过物料平衡,建立了内循环颗粒污泥床短程硝化反应器的过程动力学模型,测得稳态运行时的模型参数:氨氮最大比去除速率vmax=8.13mg NH4+-N.(g MLSS)-1·h-1、饱和常数Ks=1.73 mg NH4+-N·L-1,动力学模型的计算值与试验值吻合良好,两者的平均相对误差为12.8%.     

生物炭对污泥-菌渣堆肥腐殖化与重金属钝化的影响

为探讨生物炭对市政污泥堆肥腐殖化和重金属钝化的影响,将市政污泥和菌渣按照湿质量比1:0.7进行混合,设置3个堆体进行好氧堆肥:处理组堆体分别添加混料干质量5%和10%的生物炭(记为BC5、BC10);对照组(CK)堆体不添加生物炭。结果表明:添加生物炭可延长高温时间,促进堆肥中富里酸向大分子胡敏酸转变,降低水溶性有机物含量,促进堆体腐熟。添加生物炭的堆体对重金属的钝化效果均优于CK组,BC5对可交换态Cu、Pb钝化效果较好,钝化率分别为78.12%、97.82%,BC10对可交换态Cr、Ni、Zn钝化效果较好,钝化率分别为66.64%、5.88%、19.76%;堆肥后Cu、Pb、Cr残渣态分配率增加量大小顺序为BC10>BC5>CK,Ni、Zn残渣态分配率增加量大小顺序为BC5>BC10>CK。Cu、Cr、Pb、Zn可交换态分配率均与水溶性有机物和富里酸呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与胡敏酸呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。研究表明,添加生物炭有利于堆体腐殖化和重金属钝化,且两者存在相关性。     

剩余污泥超声破解性能研究

采用超声波技术破解人工配水条件下培养的污泥，研究了超声破解含固率为0．5％与1％污泥的性能，并比较了超声破解2种含固率污泥的效果。结果表明，在一定声能密度下，SCOD增加值随时间延长线性增长。即在一定试验时间范围内，污泥破解反应相对于时间符合一级反应动力学规律。但是，在较高声能密度与较低污泥浓度下，SCOD增加值随时间延长不再呈线性增长趋势，而是随超声作用时间的延长，增长速度减缓。在相同比能耗下，破解含固率为1％污泥的SCOD增加值明显大于含固率为0．5％污泥值。若后续污泥处理工艺采用厌氧消化技术，则推荐破解含固率为1％的污泥。超声破解污泥后，污泥温度会升高，相同声能密度下，破解两种不同含固率污泥的温度升高值相近。