臭氧对亚硫酸铵的氧化效果研究

采用臭氧工艺,对氨法脱硫的主要副产物亚硫酸铵进行了氧化试验研究,结果表明：在试验范围内,臭氧对高浓度亚硫酸铵具有较好氧化效果,氧化速率随着臭氧质量浓度的升高而增加,随着亚硫酸铵浓度的升高而降低,而循环流量对氧化效果影响不大,温度对氧化效果也有一定影响。在亚硫酸铵初始浓度不超过2 mol/L时,120 min内转化率基本可达到100%,亚硫酸铵完全氧化能耗约为0.5kW.h/kg,显示出良好工业应用前景。     

生物氧疗法在治疗奶牛临床型乳房炎上的应用

本试验采用生物氧(成分为臭氧)结合抗生素治疗奶牛临床型乳房炎,并对生物氧疗法的疗效进行评价。2009年9月份~11月份,选取患有临床型乳房炎的奶牛30头并随机分为两组,每组15头。试验组采用生物氧结合抗生素疗法,对照组只采用抗生素疗法。结果发现,试验组平均治愈时间为7.4d,治愈14头,治愈率为93.33%,而对照组平均治愈时间为12.6d,治愈11头,治愈率为73.33%。从试验结果可以发现生物氧疗法在治疗奶牛临床型乳房炎上效果显著,有良好的应用前景。     

农田开放体系中调控臭氧浓度装置平台（O3-FACE）研究

本研究研制建立了亚洲第一个稻麦轮作的O3-FACE平台系统。平台主要由O3供应系统、O3释放系统以及平台监控系统3大部分组成;FACE圈O3目标浓度设定值为高于对照圈O3浓度50%;系统根据风向、风速、FACE圈内中心点O3浓度值等因素控制布气。平台运行3年以来,85%以上布气时间内,平台控制区域O3浓度波动在控制目标值的±15%之内;90%以上布气时间内,平台控制区域O3浓度波动在控制目标值的±20%之内。FACE圈内O3浓度分布基本随风向由边向中心逐步降低,作物生长季内圈内O3浓度分布与控制中心点的O3浓度相比,变幅小于±10%。在低风速条件下(风速0.3 m/s),80%布气时间内,平台控制区域O3浓度波动在控制目标值的±20%之内。     

近地层臭氧浓度增高对稻米品质的影响: FACE研究

利用稻田开放式空气中臭氧浓度增加(FACE,Free Air gas Concentration Enrichment)平台,以常规粳稻‘武粳15’和杂交粳稻‘陵风优18’为供试材料,设置大气背景臭氧浓度(Ambient)和高臭氧浓度(比Ambient增高21%,模拟21世纪中叶臭氧浓度)两个水平,研究臭氧胁迫对大田生长水稻成熟期稻米加工、外观、蒸煮/食味和营养品质的影响及其种间差异。结果表明,近地层臭氧浓度增高使稻米糙米率、精米率和整精米率均不同程度下降,其中精米率降幅达显著水平。与Ambient相比,臭氧胁迫使两品种稻米垩白米率、垩白大小和垩白度平均分别增加15.0%(P=0.10)、42.0%(P0.05)和60.5%(P0.05)。臭氧胁迫使稻米胶稠度平均降低7.1%(P0.05),但对两品种稻米直链淀粉和糊化温度均无显著影响。稻米RVA谱测定结果显示,臭氧胁迫对稻米最高黏度值、崩解值、冷胶黏度值、消减值和回复值均无显著影响。臭氧胁迫使两品种稻米蛋白质浓度呈增加趋势,但均未达显著水平。方差分析表明,多数情况下,两品种间稻米诸品质性状存在显著差异,但品种与臭氧的互作对所有测定指标均无显著影响,说明两品种稻米品质对臭氧胁迫的响应无明显差异。本试验在开放稻田条件下运行,适度臭氧胁迫使稻米垩白明显增加,胶稠度显著下降,但对其他米质指标影响较小,两品种趋势一致。     

臭氧处理对红富士苹果生理变化及贮藏品质的影响

[目的]研究臭氧处理对红富士苹果冷藏效果的影响,为臭氧在红富士冷藏中的应用提供理论依据.[方法]贮藏中定期用7 mg/m3的臭氧对放在0 ℃的红富士进行处理,测定几种生理及品质指标的变化.[结果]臭氧处理可抑制红富士苹果的呼吸强度、乙烯释放速率、MDA的累积和PPO的活性,延缓可溶性固形物的消耗,保持较高的POD活性,有加快Vc损失和失水的负作用,但对硬度和有机酸含量变化无明显影响;臭氧对贮藏病害有很好的控制作用.[结论]7 mg/m3的臭氧处理延缓冷藏红富士苹果的生理变化.     

对地球“两极”臭氧层严重破坏的探究

臭氧是保护地球生物的一道天然屏障.大气中臭氧浓度逐年降低、臭氧层破坏,已引起全世界的广泛关注.通过研究人员长期的观察和分析,地球中、高纬度区上空的臭氧层损耗程度较严重,尤其以两极地区为甚.就臭氧的生成、性质和两极地区特殊的地理气候条件对两极地区臭氧层遭受严重破坏的原因做出探究.     

Stomatal conductance and ozone exposure in relation to potato tuber yield—results from the European CHIP programme

Measurements of stomatal conductance on field-grown potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Bintje from the CHIP programme were combined to study the response to environmental factors. 3274 data points were used. Data were obtained from five sites: Jokioinen in Finland, Östad in Sweden, Giessen in Germany, Tervuren in Belgium and Sutton Bonnington in UK. Measurements were made in open-top chamber treatments with ozone and carbon dioxide exposure and in the ambient air. A typical light response curve was obtained with light saturation at approximately 400 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The leaf temperature optimum for stomatal conductance was 29 °C. The stomatal conductance declined strongly at leaf-to-air vapour pressure differences >20 hPa. An elevated carbon dioxide concentration (680 μl l⁻¹) reduced the stomatal conductance by up to approximately 20%. Elevated ozone reduced the stomatal conductance towards the end of the growth period, in addition to the negative effect by ordinary senescence on stomatal conductance. A multiplicative model, based on the boundary line technique, was used to estimate the relationship between stomatal conductance and the environmental variables. Test with the data sets from two sites providing sufficient data, Östad and Giessen, showed that the multiplicative model had R²-values of 0.60 and 0.42, respectively, for the relationship between calculated and observed conductance. Test of the model with an independent data set from an open-top chamber experiment with the potato cultivar Kardal showed an R² of 0.59 between calculated and observed conductance. The conductance model was used to estimate the accumulated ozone uptake (CUO₃) by potato leaves from emergence to harvest. The relationship between CUO₃ and relative yield loss, using a threshold for the ozone uptake rate of 7 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹, provided a higher R²-value (0.45) than CUO₃ without any threshold and relationships based on the accumulated exposure over 40 nmol mol⁻¹ (AOT40) or the sum of all hourly average ozone concentrations exceeding 60 nmol mol⁻¹ (SUM06). All four relationships were however statistically significant.     

水稻与冬小麦对臭氧的反应及其敏感性试验研究

利用OTC－1型开顶式气室对我国主要粮食作物水稻、小麦进行不同O3浓度的长期接触试验结果表明，O3浓度增加可促进水稻发育，小麦前期发育缓慢，后期衰老加快。水稻和小麦灌浆期缩短、株高下降；随着通气时间的延长，干物质量降低。小麦叶片含水率呈抛物线型下降，但对水稻影响不大；在同样高浓度O3环境下水稻叶片受害较小麦晚、发展慢；O3浓度增加，单株产量和千粒重下降，且小麦减产幅度大于水稻，小麦对O3的反应比水稻敏感。     

Individual- and scattered-tree influences on ultraviolet irradiance

Many of the potential effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR)—damage to materials, altered herbivory of insects and activity of microbes, modified growth of vegetation, and adverse or beneficial effects on human health—are modified by the presence of trees that influence UVR exposure to various degrees. Though tree effects on total solar irradiance have been investigated often by measurements and modeling, tree influences on UVR, particularly in the ultraviolet B (UVB, 320–280 nm), differ substantially from tree influences on the rest of the solar spectrum, and thus the ratio of UVB to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is altered. Trees greatly reduce both UVB and PAR irradiance in their shade when they obscure both the sun and sky. Beneath dense forest canopies, relative irradiance (I_r=irradiancebeneath trees/above-canopy irradiance) for both UVB and PAR radiation may be 0.01–0.02. In the shade of a single tree, I_r on the horizontal in the PAR and total shortwave (SW) was about 0.1, whereas in the UVB and ultraviolet A (UVA, 320–400 nm), I_r was about 0.4. Conversely, where direct beam radiation came through gaps between crowns in a group of deciduous trees in winter, PAR I_r values averaged 0.95 and UVB I_r averaged only 0.41. In comparisons of minimum values of I_r on horizontal and the south-facing vertical surfaces in tree shade for UVB, UVA, SW, and PAR, where UVB I_r on the horizontal ranged from 0.22 to 0.62, depending on solar zenith angle, UVB I_r on the vertical ranged from 0.05 to 0.27. UVB I_r consistently exceeded UVA I_r on both the horizontal and vertical surfaces. PAR and SW I_r differed little between horizontal and vertical surfaces in tree shade. Modeled average I_r on the horizontal below a regular grid of ellipsoidal tree crowns was given byI_p=1−m−(θ^0.711/5.05)sin(πm), where m is fraction of area covered by tree crowns and θ is solar zenith angle. The tree influences will vary with pollutants in the boundary layer, which affect scattering of UVR.     

Stratospheric ozone, ultraviolet radiation, and cryptogams

The stratospheric ozone layer, which protects the biosphere from biologically active (mostly harmful) ultraviolet-B (UV-B) solar radiation, thinned during the latter half of the 20th century. In this paper some of the effects of UV-B radiation on cryptogams (cyanobacteria, algae, lichens, mosses, liverworts, pteridophytes and fungi) are reviewed. Effects vary among species, and therefore changes in UV-B radiation may affect species frequencies. Effects also depend on other factors, such as water conditions.