Effects of cryptic mortality and the hidden costs of using length limits in fishery management

Fishery collapses cause substantial economic and ecological harm, but common management actions often fail to prevent overfishing. Minimum length limits are perhaps the most common fishing regulation used in both commercial and recreational fisheries, but their conservation benefits can be influenced by discard mortality of fish caught and released below the legal length. We constructed a computer model to evaluate how discard mortality could influence the conservation utility of minimum length regulations. We evaluated policy performance across two disparate fish life‐history types: short‐lived high‐productivity (SLHP) and long‐lived low‐productivity (LLLP) species. For the life‐history types, fishing mortality rates and minimum length limits that we examined, length limits alone generally failed to achieve sustainability when discard mortality rate exceeded about 0.2 for SLHP species and 0.05 for LLLP species. At these levels of discard mortality, reductions in overall fishing mortality (e.g. lower fishing effort) were required to prevent recruitment overfishing if fishing mortality was high. Similarly, relatively low discard mortality rates (>0.05) rendered maximum yield unobtainable and caused a substantial shift in the shape of the yield response surfaces. An analysis of fishery efficiency showed that length limits caused the simulated fisheries to be much less efficient, potentially exposing the target species and ecosystem to increased negative effects of the fishing process. Our findings suggest that for overexploited fisheries with moderate‐to‐high discard mortality rates, reductions in fishing mortality will be required to meet management goals. Resource managers should carefully consider impacts of cryptic mortality sources (e.g. discard mortality) on fishery sustainability, especially in recreational fisheries where release rates are high and effort is increasing in many areas of the world.     

磷形态和pH对剩余污泥磷释放的影响

为了探讨pH对污泥中磷的释放行为的影响,采用SMT(欧洲标准测试组织)法对上海三处污水处理厂的剩余污泥中磷的形态进行了分析,并通过室内模拟实验研究了不同pH条件下3种污泥中的磷在海水中的释放行为。结果表明:3种污泥样品的总磷含量各不相同,污泥有机磷含量低,无机磷是主要赋存形态,占TP(总磷)含量的64.42%~83.01%。各形态磷的相关性分析发现,污泥总磷含量主要受NAIP(非磷灰石无机磷)和AP(磷灰石无机磷)影响。室内试验表明,污泥中的磷在酸性、中性和碱性海水环境下均有释放,相比中性条件,酸性和碱性水质更有利于磷的释放;污泥中磷的释放与磷的形态分布有关,但磷释放量大小并不简单取决于总磷和无机磷的含量。     

不同铵硝配比对芥蓝伤流液组分及植株氮磷钾积累的影响

采用伤流液组分分析和植物营养分析的方法,探讨了不同铵硝配比（CK,0∶100;T1,10∶90;T2,25∶75;T3,50∶50）影响芥蓝生长的生理机制。结果表明：与全硝态氮营养液对照相比,3 个营养液增铵处理均提高了芥蓝植株的生物量和伤流强度,其中营养液增铵25%（T2）处理的效果最好。T1 处理芥蓝植株伤流液中蛋白态氮和P 的流量与CK 相比显著增加;T2 处理芥蓝植株伤流液中NO₃^--N、P、K 流量均为最高;T3 处理芥蓝植株伤流液中NH₄⁺-N、氨基酸态氮和蛋
白态氮流量最高,而NO₃^--N 和K 流量则显著低于CK。T1 处理和T2 处理显著提高了芥蓝植株N、P、K 的含量和积累量;T3 处理亦显著提高了芥蓝植株N、P 的含量和积累量,但显著降低了K 的含量和积累量。综合来看,营养液适量增铵（25%）处理的效果最好,可以提高芥蓝根系吸收能力,促进氮代谢,增加植株对N、P、K 的吸收和积累,从而促进植株生长。     

桉树栽培紫芝及营养成分分析

为探讨桉树栽培紫芝的可行性,笔者于2012年-2013年利用当地5年～6年树龄的尾叶桉为菌材,开展了桉树栽培紫芝对比试验,并对其灵芝产品营养成分送样检测。结果表明,利用桉树栽培紫芝是可行的,其菌丝生长速度快于米槠（CK）菌材,当年平均产量（早晚季合计）25．42kg·m^-3,比对照提高2．67％,差异不显著;氨基酸、粗多糖等营养成分经福建省分析测试中心检测,桉树早季灵芝总氨基酸含量（TAA）6．05g/100g,晚季灵芝总氨基酸含量（TAA）7．31g/100g,早季粗多糖含量0．52g/100g,晚季粗多糖含量0．67g/100g,比米槠（CK）栽培粗多糖含量0．59g/100g高13．56‰     

虾塘沉积物—水界面的营养盐扩散通量及其在养殖季节的变化

以自行设计的方法测定了对虾养殖环境中沉积物-水界面的营养盐扩散通量。结果表明，营养盐自底质向养殖水体的扩散贯穿于整个对虾养殖季节；该扩散通量的最大值出现在养殖后期的有机质污染区，即投铒区；在污染区，养殖后期的扩散通量大大高于养殖前期，但在非污染区却未见其随养殖季节的明显差异；污染区的扩散通量始终高于非污染区，且随养殖时间的推移，该差异逐渐增大。此外，还比较了新、旧虾塘之间的营养盐扩散通量的差异。初步探讨了底质溶出营养盐对对虾养殖环境的影响。     

Analysis of nutrient flows in integrated intensive aquaculture systems

This paper analyses nutrient conversions, which are taking place in integrated intensive aquaculture systems. In these systems fish is cultured next to other organisms, which are converting otherwise discharged nutrients into valuable products. These conversions are analyzed based on nitrogen and phosphorous balances using a mass balance approach. The analytical concept of this review comprises a hypothetical system design with five modules: (1) the conversion of feed nutrients into fish biomass, the “Fish-Biomass-Converter”; (2) the separation of solid and dissolved fish waste/nutrients; the “Fish-Waste-Processor”; (3) the conversion of dissolved fish waste/nutrients, the “Phototrophic-herbivore-Converter”; (4 and 5) the conversion of solid fish waste, the “Bacterial-Waste-Converter”, or the “Detrivorous-Converter”. In the reviewed examples, fish culture alone retains 20–50% feed nitrogen (N) and 15–65% feed phosphorous (P). The combination of fish culture with phototrophic conversion increases nutrient retention of feed N by 15–50% and feed P by up to 53%. If in addition herbivore consumption is included, nutrient retention decreases by 60–85% feed N and 50–90% feed P. This is according to the general observation of nutrient losses from one trophic level to the next. The conversion of nutrients into bacteria and detrivorous worm biomass contributes only in smaller margins (e.g. 7% feed N and 6% feed P and 0.06% feed N 0.03 × 10⁻³% feed P, respectively). All integrated modules have their specific limitations, which are related to uptake kinetics, nutrient preference, unwanted conversion processes and abiotic factors.     

砂壤质潮土夏玉米适宜的化肥种类研究

采用田间试验研究Agro Services International Inc（ASI）推荐施肥、缓/控释肥、保水型复混肥和普通复混肥对夏玉米产量、SPAD值及养分吸收积累的影响。结果表明,夏玉米施用缓/控释肥和ASI推荐施肥增产效果较好,分别比农户习惯施肥处理增产11.0%和9.8%,保水型复混肥没有显著增产效果。夏玉米专用缓/控释肥养分缓慢释放可弥补砂壤质潮土保肥性差的缺点,能维持夏玉米各生育时期较高的叶片叶绿素含量,促进夏玉米对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收利用,提高干物质积累量,具有显著增产效果,是砂壤质潮土区夏玉米适宜的化肥品种。     

不同改良措施对第四纪红壤酶活性的影响

红壤是我国重要的土壤类型之一,其耕地地力低下问题亟待解决。探究不同改良措施影响下红壤地力提升效果,对实现中低产田可持续利用具有重要意义。本研究以湖南第四纪红黏土发育的旱地红壤为研究对象,分析了休闲（F）、不施肥（CK）、单施无机肥（NPK）、无机肥配秸秆还田（NPKS）、无机肥配施生石灰（NPKL）、无机肥配施骨粉有机肥（NPKA）和无机肥配施生物有机肥（NPKC）等改良措施下不同土层和改良年限土壤中pH及养分含量的变化,并利用微孔板荧光法比较了土壤中碳氮磷循环相关酶活性的差异。结果表明,不同改良措施显著影响土壤养分及酶活性。与CK相比,2020年NPKC处理0～20 cm土层中有机质（SOM）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）和有效磷（AP）含量分别提高了73%、29%、61%和1 847%,同时该处理也显著增加了参与碳循环α-1,4-葡糖苷酶（αG）、β-1,4-葡糖苷酶（βG）、β-1,4-木糖苷酶（βX）、纤维二糖水解酶（CBH）和参与氮循环β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖酐酶（NAG）活性。相关分析表明,SOM与αG、βG、βX、CBH和NAG酶活性呈显著正相关（P < 0.01）,pH与酸性磷酸酶（ACP）活性呈显著负相关（P < 0.01）。改良措施对0～20 cm土层酶活性的影响大于20～40 cm。2019年,NPKA处理0～20 cm土层中CBH酶活性较CK提高了352%,而在20～40 cm土层中CBH酶活性仅较CK提高了2%。此外,不同改良措施土壤中ACP酶活性也呈现出随改良年限增加而增加的趋势。综上可知,无机肥配施有机物料显著提升红壤养分状况,改善土壤酶活性,可作为贫瘠红壤地力提升的有效改良措施。     

缓释氮肥配施尿素对迟播小麦产量形成及氮素利用的影响

为建立稻茬迟播小麦树脂包膜缓释氮肥高效施肥模式与技术,以冬小麦品种扬麦23为材料,以43%树脂包膜缓释氮肥（PCU,含氮43%）和尿素（U,含氮46%）为氮肥,设置“一次性基施”（A）与“一基一追”（B）2种施肥模式,共形成100%树脂包膜缓释氮肥基施（A1）、80%树脂包膜缓释氮肥+20%尿素基施（A2）、60%树脂包膜缓释氮肥+40%尿素基施（A3）、80%树脂包膜缓释氮肥基施+20%尿素返青期追施(B1)、80%树脂包膜缓释氮肥基施+20%尿素拔节期追施（B2）、60%树脂包膜缓释氮肥基施+40%尿素返青期追施（B3）、60%树脂包膜缓释氮肥基施+40%尿素拔节期追施（B4）等7个施肥处理,分析了缓释氮肥与尿素配施对迟播小麦产量及其构成、茎蘖动态、干物质积累、叶面积指数、SPAD值、氮素利用效率等指标的影响。结果表明,一次性基施模式处理（A1~A3）的小麦产量显著低于常规施肥（CK,基肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥=5∶1∶2∶2）;“一基一追”两次施肥模式处理（B1~B4）的产量显著高于CK,泰州与扬州两地分别平均增产 5.77%和5.64%,其中B4处理产量最高,分别为8 796.80和7 848.18 kg·hm^-2,分别比CK高8.30%和 9.05%;与CK相比,“一基一追”两次施肥模式处理的生育中、后期叶面积指数和干物质积累量、乳熟期旗叶SPAD值、全生育期吸氮总量与氮素利用效率、净效益均不同程度地提高;不同施肥处理中,B4处理氮素各利用指标表现最优,其中氮素积累总量及经济净效益平均达到266.83 kg·hm^-2和11 992.96元·hm^-2。综上,“60%树脂包膜[JP3]缓释氮肥基施+40%尿素拔节期追施”是稻茬迟播小麦树脂包膜缓释氮肥高产高效施肥方式。     

施用缓释肥料对夏玉米产量的影响试验

采用田间试验,研究了施用缓释肥料对夏玉米产量及经济效益影响。结果表明：施用缓释肥料能显著提高夏玉米的产量和经济效益。与常规施肥相比,施用缓释肥料可使夏玉米每667m2增产45kg,经济效益提高89元。进一步研究表明,缓释肥料促进玉米增产的主要原因是增加了玉米的穗长,从而提高了穗粒数。