世界棉花育种科技水平进展与发展对策

９０年代以来，世界棉花育种的特点为：（１）以提高单产为主要目标；（２）以提高纤维品质为主要目标；（３）以保护环境为主要目标。通过不同的育种途径，棉花育种成绩斐然，为人类的发展提供了重要的物质基础。２０００年前，中国棉花育种对策的重点应（１）加强基础研究；（２）改革现行流通体制；（３）改进原棉检测手段；（４）育种目标与市场反馈信息结合。     

Incorporation of ridge and furrow method of rainfall harvesting with mulching for crop production under semiarid conditions

A plastic-covered ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting (PRFRH) system combined with mulches was designed to increase water availability to crops for improving and stabilizing agricultural production in the semiarid Loess region of northwest China. The system was built by shaping the soil surface with alternate ridges and furrows along the contour. The plastic-covered ridges served as a rainfall harvesting zone and furrows as a planting zone. Some materials were also used to mulch the furrows to increase the effectiveness of the harvested water. This system can make better utilization of light rain by harvesting rainwater through the plastic-covered ridge. The field experiment (using corn as an indicator crop) showed that grain yields in the PRFRH system with mulches in 1998 and 1999 were significantly higher than the controls, with an increase of 4010–5297 kg per ha (108–143%). In most treatments, the water use efficiencies (WUE) were in excess of 2.0 kg m⁻³. The WUE values of corn in this system were 1.9 times greater than the controls in 1998 and 1.4 times greater than the controls in 1999. The plastic-covered ridge led to a yield increase of 3430 kg per ha (92%) in 1998 and of 1126 kg per ha (21%) in 1999 compared with the uncovered ridge. On average, the additional mulches in the furrow brought about a yield increase of 8–25%. Based on the results of this study and other researches, this technique can increase corn grain yield by 60–95% in drought and average years, 70–90% in wet years, and 20–30% in very wet years. The PRFRH system had the potential to increase crop yield and produced greater economic benefit, therefore it could be used in regions dominated by light rainfall of low intensity where crops generally fail due to water stress.     

The impact of increasing farm size and mechanization on rural income and rice production in Zhejiang province,China

Economic growth in China’s agricultural sector lags behind growth in industry and services, creating an ever widening rural–urban income gap. Development of the non-agricultural sectors offers new opportunities for farmers in China’s more advanced provinces such as Zhejiang. Increased income in the urban sector creates markets for new products, and migrating farmers rent their land to those staying. Until now, the prevailing rice-based systems have been managed mainly using manual labour and animal traction, but the larger farms resulting from migration may facilitate, or even require mechanization. In this study, we use a simulation model of the farm household to analyse the effects of increasing farm size and the transition from rice to vegetable production, while also studying the effects of mechanization.     

我国西部地区水电开发问题探讨

水能资源是我国西部地区的优势资源，由于历史和政策的原因，开发利用程度相对较低，资源优势没有形成产业优势。在分析西部水能资源分布特点和开发现状的基础上，结合西部大开发和西电东送战略，提出目前水电产业存在的市场、政策和资金方面问题，探讨了加快西部水电开发的对策和建议。     

武威汉代医简方药药理分析四则

武威汉代医简是一批中医药方的出土文献,一定程度上反映了东汉末年的中医方剂情况。文章分析了这批医简中的四则药方的药理,并与时代稍后的《伤寒论》和《金匮要略》作对比,以此说明该药方对后世中医的贡献。     

我国医学图书馆发展回顾与展望

 

从办馆条件、法规建设、业务基础建设工作、文献资源共建共享、自动化网络化建设五个方面对改革开放以来我国医学图书馆建设所取得的成就进行了总结和阐述，指出了我国医学图书馆在事业经费、文献资源共建共享、法制建设、管理水平、人才队伍建设方面存在的问题，并提出了发展对策和措施。

     

2020年我国水稻产业形势分析及2021年展望

在国家政策支持下,2020年我国水稻面积恢复增长至3 007.6万hm2,比2019年增加38.2万hm2;受灾害偏重发生影响,水稻平均单产7 044.0 kg/hm2,降低15.0 kg/hm2,但仍为历史第2高;水稻总产2.1186亿t,增加225.0万t,连续10年稳定在2亿t以上.国内稻米市场价格持续上涨,特别...     

西北酿酒葡萄物候模型优选及气候变化对物候期的影响

为预测气候变暖背景下西北地区酿酒葡萄物候期变化规律,该研究利用2007—2022年西北地区地表温度数据及酿酒葡萄（赤霞珠、黑比诺、美乐和霞多丽）物候观测数据（萌芽期、开花期和转色期）,对酿酒葡萄物候模型（积温模型,包含生长日度模型（growing degree day model,GDD）及葡萄开花转色期模型（grapevine flowering veraison model,GFV）,BRIN模型、WE模型）进行参数优化和模拟比较,选取最适模型结合气候模式数据预测SSP245和SSP585情景下酿酒葡萄物候期的变化。结果表明：1）萌芽期,BRIN模型最适用于赤霞珠、美乐和霞多丽,GDD₅模型最适于黑比诺;2）开花期,GDD₁₀模型最适用于赤霞珠和美乐,GFV和WE模型分别适用于黑比诺和霞多丽;3）转色期,WE模型最适用于赤霞珠、黑比诺和美乐,GFV模型则最适于霞多丽;4）在SSP245情景下,西北地区2035—2065年与2055—2085年4种葡萄的3个物候期分别平均提前2 d与4 d;在SSP585情景下,西北地区2035—2065年4种葡萄的3个物候期平均提前5 d,2055—2085年除了天山北麓地区的酿酒葡萄转色期因夏季高温影响而平均延后6 d外,其他酿酒葡萄物候期平均提前10 d,进一步分析表明夏季高温是导致转色期延迟的重要因素。研究结果为适应气候变化充分利用气候资源,保障西北地区酿酒葡萄生产优势地位提供理论依据和科学支撑。     

近50a西北干旱区气候变化对农业的影响

本文选取了西北干旱区21个代表站点1951-2000年逐日气温和逐日降水量资料。用趋势法和百分位阈值法分析年平均气温、年降水量、极端年最低温度、年最高温度和极端降水量变化特征及其各分区极端气候变化趋势。研究结果表明:(1)近50a西北干旱区气温呈上升趋势(0.22℃/10a),1986年后气温明显升高,柴达木盆地和北疆升温较大。近50a西北干旱区年降水量变化和趋势分布,降水变化有增加的趋势(3.2mm/10a),其中北疆降水增加最多。(2)西北干旱区近40a年极端最低温度的天数有减少趋势,平均最低温度天数的减少率为7-8天/40a。而极端年最高温度的天数略有增加趋势,平均增加率为0.5天/40a左右。年最高温度略有减少趋势,平均变率为-0.5℃/40a,年最低温度也有增加趋势,平均变率为1.0℃/40a。西北干旱区近40a极端降水的天数增加了2天/40a。(3)气候变暖对西北干旱区农业既有有利影响,又有不利影响,降水量增加,极端气候事件减少对农业有有利影响。     

近45 a来中国西北汛期降水极值的变化分析

本文利用中国西北五省(区)1960-2004年125个台站汛期(5-9月)逐日降水资料,首先定义了不同台站的极端降水阈值,然后统计出了不同台站近45a来逐年汛期发生极端降水的频次、干日数、极端干期长度、湿日数及极端湿期长度,并对它们的长期变化趋势作了分析,结果表明:近45a来西北西部汛期极端降水发生频次、湿日数和极端湿期长度表现出增多和增长趋势,干日数和极端干期长度表现出减少和变短趋势;西北东部汛期极端降水发生频次、湿日数和极端湿期长度表现出减少和变短趋势,干日数和极端干期长度表现出增多和变长趋势;从整个西北来说,近45a来极端降水发生频次和湿日数表现出了增多趋势,极端干期长度表现为变短趋势,而干日数同极端湿期长度表现出周期波动状变化,另外干日数同极端湿期长度的变化趋势恰恰相反,而湿日数却与极端干期长度的变化趋势恰恰相反;自上世纪80年代以来降水极值变率较过去有所变大。