层次分析法在退耕还林生态效益评价指标体系建立中的应用

退耕还林生态效益评价是当今研究的热点问题之一,构建评价指标是评价工作的前提和基础。笔者根据退耕还林生态效益的主要影响因子,在设定多层次指标体系的基础上,采用AHP法计算各指标权重,以确定影响退耕还林生态效益的主要因素。结果表明:退耕还林生态效益指标体系19个指标中,所占比重最大的5个指标依次为:土壤的侵蚀模数、地表径流量、土壤容重、枯落物层厚度和林草的覆盖率等。     

计划烧除对西双版纳保护区思茅松林的影响

对西双版纳自然保护区内思茅松林进行计划烧除的影响情况监测。分析认为,计划烧除对思茅松林的乔木层树种不会产生明显影响,影响较大的是灌木层和草本层植物。在计划烧除过程中,灌木层和草本层植物大部分被烧死,但草本植物在烧除后3个月内已大部分重新萌发,1a后基本达到了烧除前的水平,6个月后灌木树种已基本从死亡植株的基部重新萌发出新的植株。计划烧除对思茅松林不会造成长期的影响,同时由于烧除后郁闭度减小,有利于林下植物的生长和外部植物的进入,可适当增加物种多样性,但丛生的植株对植物的生长有一定的影响。     

作物氮素诊断技术的研究综述

氮素是作物生长发育和产量品质形成所必需的营养元素。本文在简述研究背景和作物氮素营养监测与诊断技术需求的基础上,介绍了作物氮素营养监测技术的发展历程及发展趋势,综述了作物氮素营养诊断技术的国内外研究进展,指出快速、无损、准确地监测作物氮素状况,对于农业生产可持续发展和生态环境保护具有重要意义。     

Review: Resistance as a concomitant of modern crop protection

This paper reviews the impact of resistance to fungicides and insecticides/acaricides on the way crop protection is practised. It is now clear that resistance can develop to virtually any crop-protection product, in any pest, fungal pathogen or even weed. As a limiting factor in crop protection, it is a fact of life. A positive side-effect is the precision with which products are used today, with increasing implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes. This is a vital step towards sustainability. This paper describes: past experiences; current status of resistance; how resistance management influences current crop protection practices; regulatory aspects; and the outlook for the future. It concludes that EU regulations on resistance management must be simple and workable. Chemicals will continue to have a central role in optimising yields from the world's crops, as new tools, including biotechnology, become available for crop protection and resistance management. The crop-protection industry's innovations and product stewardship programmes will contribute to sustainable agriculture. This will provide continued benefits to users, the environment and society. ©1997 SCI     

物性认识——“三才理论”的深化和完善

知物性之宜与“三才理论”一起,构成了中国古代农业生产理论的四大要素。通过对“三才理论”的分析认为,知物性之宜的提出,不仅革新了中国传统农学的认识方法,促进了农学对作物特性的不断认识,而且为近代西方农业科学进入中国创造了环境与条件。     

秦岭油松飞播林的空间结构规律研究

通过对地处秦岭的28年生油松飞播林进行标准地调查,从林木个体在地面上的分布格局、树种隔离程度、大小分化度等3个方面分析林分空间结构。结果表明:高密度林分林木属团状分布,中密度林分为随机分布,低密度林分为均匀分布; 各类林分的混交程度都很微弱,几乎为油松纯林; 高密度林分的林木大小差异不大,低密度林分差异很大,中密度林分介于二者之间。据此,对油松高密度林分应采取抚育间伐措施,使其结构合理,功能和稳定性增强。     

Challenges in developing and implementing a decision support systems (ETÇAP) in forest management planning: a case study in Honaz and Ibradı, Turkey

Decision support systems (DSSs) are indispensable tools in preparing a forest management plan for a better combination of multiple forest values. This study attempted to develop and explain a stand-based forest management DSS (Ecosystem-based multiple-use forest planning [ETÇAP]) comprising a traditional simulation, linear programming (LP), metaheuristics and geographic information system. The model consists of five submodels; traditional management approach to handle inventory data, an empirical growth and yield model, a simulation to conceptualize management actions, a LP technique to optimize resource allocation and a simulated annealing approach to directly create a spatially feasible harvest schedule. The ETÇAP model has been implemented in a comparative two case study areas; Denizli–Honaz and Akseki–Ibrad?. Both simulation and optimization models outperformed to the traditional management plan. The periodical change of growing stock, allowable cuts, carbon sequestration and water production are used as performance indicators. The results showed that more amount of wood could be harvested over time compared to traditional level of harvesting. It could be concluded that various management strategies allowed managers to stimulate more decision options for better outputs through intertemporal trade-offs of management interventions as the model provided tools to quantify forest dynamics over time and space. Challenges exist to establish the functional relationships between forest structure and values for better quantification and integration into the management plans.     

赤松纯林胸径结构对枯梢病发生的效应

目的 探究赤松纯林胸径结构对枯梢病发生效应,为合理采取森林经营措施调整林分胸径结构,防控赤松枯梢病的流行提供理论支持和技术支撑。 方法 以昆嵛山赤松纯林为研究对象,设置50块赤松纯林临时样地进行赤松胸径及枯梢病病情调查,应用Weibull分布拟合位置、尺度和形状参数并进行$ {x}^{2} $检验,然后将3参数和赤松平均胸径,感病赤松平均胸径,未感病赤松平均胸径,最大病级赤松平均胸径,最小病级赤松平均胸径表征为赤松胸径特征指标,分别与枯梢病病情指数进行Spearman秩相关性分析。 结果 各赤松纯林临时样地胸径结构均符合Weibull分布,其中胸径分布中心在9.66 ~16.25 cm,90.00%的样地胸径结构表现为正偏山状分布。赤松枯梢病病情指数与未感病赤松平均胸径、最大病级赤松平均胸径和最小病级赤松平均胸径呈负相关,但检验结果为不显著;与尺度参数、赤松平均胸径和感病赤松平均胸径呈显著负相关（p<0.05）,与形状参数呈极显著负相关（p<0.01）;与位置参数呈间接显著负相关。 结论 Weibull分布能够较好地拟合赤松纯林胸径结构。赤松纯林枯梢病病情指数与胸径结构分布中心、胸径结构分布曲线形状、赤松平均胸径和感病赤松平均胸径结构指标存在显著或极显著负相关,与所测赤松最小胸径存在间接显著负相关,可采取抚育间伐等森林经营措施增加林内优势木比重,降低赤松胸径分化程度,减少感病小胸径赤松,达到赤松枯梢病生态调控的目的。     

坡面林地土壤流失系统动力学模型研究

根据土壤保持原理和系统工程理论及方法，在研究地区坡面林地土壤流失监测资料研究基础上，建立了坡面林地土壤流失系统动力学模型，利用计算机技术，依据系统内各因子行为模拟土壤流失系统状态。该模型可用于长江三峡地区花岗岩坡面不同林地的土壤流失过程、土壤水分下渗和地表径流过程模拟。一般情况下土壤流失量预测相差在５％以下。     

马尾松天然林土壤碳氮磷含量与碳密度的关系

基于江西中部马尾松天然林不同生长阶段土壤性质测定,探讨其不同林龄土壤碳密度及其垂直分布规律,分析不同土层土壤有机碳密度与土壤碳氮磷含量之间的关系。结果表明:各龄组土壤有机碳和全氮含量均随土层的加深而降低,且表层（0~10 cm）含量显著高于其他各层,各土层间全磷含量无显著性差异;土壤有机碳密度整体上呈随土层深度的增加而降低的趋势,平均有机碳密度为10.09 kg·m^-2,主要分布在0~50 cm;土壤有机碳密度与土壤碳氮磷含量之间相关性在表层均达显著水平（p<0.05）。