春季杨树苗圃主要地下害虫群落生态位研究

分析了杨树苗圃春季主要地下害虫群落的空间生态位、时间生态位以及时空二维生态位。结果表明:6种主要地下害虫生态位各不相同:在空间维度上,小黄鳃金龟、华北大黑鳃金龟以及阔胫鳃金龟生态位宽度较大,黑绒鳃金龟和沟金针虫生态位宽度较小;小黄鳃金龟与沟金针虫生态位重叠值较大,毛黄脊鳃金龟与沟金针虫重叠值较小。在时间维度上,除毛黄脊鳃金龟生态位宽度较小外,其他地下害虫生态位宽度均较大。在时空维度上,阔胫鳃金龟生态位宽度最大,沟金针虫生态位宽度最小;阔胫鳃金龟与沟金针虫生态位重叠值较大,黑绒鳃金龟与沟金针虫重叠值较小。     

基于Niche GA的灰色模型预测天然气管道腐蚀速率

建立了管道腐蚀预测的基于小生境遗传算法灰色模型,将此预测模型应用于四川气田某输气管道的腐蚀速率和腐蚀深度的预测。预测结果表明,该模型的预测结果误差小,可以用于现场管道的腐蚀预测,是管道腐蚀预测的一种新方法。     

西藏色林错-普若岗日国家公园潜在建设区夏季浮游植物群落生态特征

为了探究色林错-普若岗日国家公园潜在建设区夏季浮游植物群落及优势种生态特征,于2015年和2016年8月对浮游植物群落进行了调查分析,并运用生态位宽度、生态位重叠及生态响应速率等方法测定优势种的生态位量度。结果表明：（1）色林错-普若岗日国家公园潜在建设区共鉴定出浮游植物127种,隶属于3门5纲11目18科35属,其中优势种5种,隶属2门5属,优势种丰度和优势度在不同区域均有差异;（2）泉生菱形藻（Nitzschia fonticola）生态位宽度最大,嗜盐舟形藻（Navicula halophila）生态位宽度最小;（3）浮游植物优势种生态位重叠程度不高,种间竞争弱,群落结构较为稳定;（4）浮游植物优势种呈发展或衰退趋势是不同浮游植物优势种间竞争的必然结果。本研究结果为色-普国家公园潜在建设区浮游植物多样性积累基础数据,为探讨生态位分化理论下的种间关系、资源利用及生态适应机制提供参考。     

Abundance response of western European forest species along canopy openness and soil pH gradients

In order to better understand the structure and composition of forest plant communities, we aimed to predict the abundance of understory herbaceous species locally at the stand level and according to different environments. For this, we seeked to model species distributions of abundance at a regional scale in relationship with the local stand structure (canopy openness) and regional soil resources (soil pH).Floristic inventories, performed in different light and soil conditions located in 1202 records of north eastern France, were used to analyze the combined effect of canopy openness and soil pH on the abundance of 12 common western European forest species: Anemone nemorosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca altissima, Hedera helix, Lamium galeobdolon, Lonicera periclymenum, Molinia caerulea, Oxalis acetosella, Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus, Rubus idaeus, and Vaccinium myrtillus. Ordinal regression models relating species abundance responses to their environment were developed.For most species (eight out of 12), distribution was significantly affected by canopy openness and soil pH. Differences among low-abundance (i.e. cover <25%) and high-abundance (i.e. cover >25%) responses were noted for 11 species along the canopy openness gradient and four species along the pH gradient. The present study quantifies optimal light and soil nutrient requirements for high-abundance responses and quantifies light and soil nutrients tolerance conditions for low-abundance responses. The combination of both factors highlights the pre-eminence of pH conditions occurrence and canopy openness for species abundance.The models developed by this study may be used to define canopy openness thresholds in function of soil characteristics to control the development of species during forest regeneration. The species-specific reactions on local canopy openness along a regional soil gradient illustrate the need for a species-specific management approach.     

Trophic niche differentiation in soil microarthropods (Oribatida, Acari): evidence from stable isotope ratios (N/N)

The large number of animals that coexist in soil without any clear niche differentiation has puzzled biologists for a long time. We investigated stable isotope ratios (¹⁵N/¹⁴N) in a diverse group of soil microarthropods, oribatid mites, to evaluate trophic niche differentiation. The natural variation of the stable isotopes ¹⁵N/¹⁴N was measured in 36 species/taxa from four beech and beech-oak forests. Signatures of δ¹⁵N formed a gradient spanning over 12 δ units suggesting that (a) different species occupy different trophic niches and (b) oribatid mites span three to four trophic levels. This study for the first time documented strong trophic niche differentiation in decomposer microarthropods. The results suggest that trophic niche differentiation within taxonomic groups significantly contributes to the high diversity of soil animal taxa.     

The challenge of conserving grassland insects at the margins of their range in Europe

Insects have experienced higher rates of decline than other popular taxa in the calcareous grasslands of Europe. This paper reviews reasons why insects are so vulnerable to environmental change, particularly at the edges of their range. Case studies of the ant Myrmica sabuleti and the butterflies Polyommatus bellargus and Thymelicus acteon are used to illustrate the mechanisms responsible for this vulnerability and the need for different management regimes to maintain species’ niches in different parts of their range.     

甘肃兴隆山白粉菌种群生态分布及生态位调查

对甘肃兴隆山白粉菌种群进行了生态分布调查和生态位分析,结果表明:白粉菌在该区普遍发生,其多样性与植被种类的多样性直接相关,环境湿度对病害严重度有较大影响,在高海拔低温低湿地段白粉菌分布较少,危害较轻;而在低海拔湿度相对较高的地段白粉菌种类多,危害严重,发病寄主多呈均匀分布或团块状分布。Sphaerotheca和Erysiphe的生态位宽度最大,其B值分别为BSph.=1.000,BE.=0.974,说明这2个属的白粉菌比别的属种对环境的适应性要强,对资源的利用宽度更大。     

豆秆黑潜蝇寄生蜂资源生态位研究

调查不同生态类型大豆田的豆秆黑潜蝇，饲育出８种寄生蜂，其中豆秆蝇瘿蜂等６种为主要种群。测定了这６种的生态位宽度、生态位重叠和生态位相似性比例指数，其中豆秆蝇瘿蜂生态位宽度指数最高（０．７６９５），豆秆蝇瘿蜂对黑绿金小蜂生态位重叠指数最高（０．０５０７），黑绿金小蜂对长腹金小蜂相似性比例指数最高（０．８７９３）。按生态位概念进行全面分析，豆秆蝇瘿蜂为控制豆秆黑潜蝇效能最高的种类。     

Habitat and flower resource partitioning by an exotic and three native bumble bees in central Hokkaido, Japan

Studies of the interspecific relationships between alien and native pollinator species can help forecast the success of alien species as well as assess the extent of disturbance to native plant-pollinator interactions. We examined the habitat and flower resource occupancy by the invasive introduced bumble bee Bombus terrestris and three dominant native bumble bees in central Hokkaido, northern Japan, in relation to a landscape factor (forest cover ratio) and flower morphology with respect to the proboscis length of bees. Three years of monitoring the invasive boundary of B. terrestris indicated that this species, which dominates open agricultural areas, probably will not invade the forests in which the native species dominate. This habitat partitioning likely followed the displacement of the natives by the invader in open agricultural lands. In forested areas, the native species partitioned flower resources on the basis of the relationship between proboscis length and the lengths of the corolla tubes of flowers. However, in open agricultural areas, both the long- and short-tubed flowers were primarily visited by the exotic short-tongued B. terrestris, which foraged illegitimately (by nectar robbing) on long-tubed flowers (Trifolium pratense L.) and legitimately on short-tubed flowers (T. repens L. and Lavandula angustifolia Mill.). The invasion of B. terrestris into open natural vegetation, in addition to open agricultural areas, has recently been reported in Hokkaido. Even though the exotic and dominant native bumble bees partition their habitat according to landscape factors, the invasive bee has the potential to alter the overall interactions within plant-pollinator systems in the regions of open vegetation on Hokkaido Island.     

Distribution patterns, range size and niche breadth of Austrian endemic plants

Endemic species are not a uniform group in terms of range size, habitat preferences, and ecological plasticity. Based on a recent inventory of endemic vascular plant species in Austria, we analysed distribution patterns, altitudinal distribution and habitat preferences of endemic species and analysed the correlation of range size and niche breadth. The inventory includes 103 vascular plant taxa (species and subspecies) endemic to Austria.Grid cells (cell size ca. 35 km²) with highest taxon numbers (max. 25 taxa) are limited to the Northeastern Calcareous Alps, whereas highest numbers of acidophilous endemics occur in the easternmost high-mountain chains of the Central Alps. The majority of endemics (61 taxa; 59.2%) are found on calcareous bedrock, 6 taxa (5.8%) on intermediate substrates, and 29 (28.2%) on siliceous bedrock. The range size of endemic vascular plant taxa is strongly skewed towards very narrow distributions – 45 taxa are restricted to <20 grid cells. Average range sizes differ markedly between endemics of different broad habitat types, endemics of habitats with limited and patchy distribution (serpentine vegetation, dry grassland) having the smallest ranges.The altitudinal distribution of endemic plant taxa peaks at high altitudes, in the subalpine and lower alpine altitude belt. Below the tree line, endemics predominantly colonize extra- and azonal dry or wet habitats, whereas above the tree line, zonal alpine grassland and azonal vegetation types (scree, rocks, snowbeds) are equally essential to the endemic flora. Niche breadth of endemics is positively, however moderately, correlated with range size. This correlation is stronger for the altitudinal distribution than for the number of habitats colonized.The distribution patterns and ecology of endemics differ considerably from overall biodiversity patterns and must be addressed appropriately in conservation strategies. Small niche-breadths and the specific habitat requirements of endemics of very localized distribution render these taxa highly vulnerable to climate change.