Using occurrence records to model historic distributions and estimate habitat losses for two psammophilic lizards

Estimating historic distributions of species is a critical step in evaluating current levels of habitat loss, evaluating sites for potential restoration and reintroductions, and for conservation planning at a landscape scale. However historic distributions can be difficult to estimate objectively because substantial habitat changes may have occurred prior to comprehensive surveys. As a means to address this question, we evaluated a novel approach by creating spatial niche models for two species of psammophilic lizards. Using a partitioned Mahalanobis D² analysis and abiotic variables that were independent of anthropogenic change, we created niche models for the federally threatened Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard (Uma inornata) and for the flat-tailed horned lizard (Phrynosoma mcallii). The niche models estimated that within the Coachella Valley there were originally 32,164 ha of potential habitat for the fringe-toed lizard and 33,502 ha of potential habitat for the horned lizard. After screening these estimates of historic habitat for current conditions that would render that potential habitat unsuitable, we calculated a 91-95% loss of potential habitat for the fringe-toed lizard and an 83-92% loss for the horned lizard. Unlike the fringe-toed lizard, the horned lizard also occurs outside the Coachella Valley. Conducting a similar analysis throughout its range would provide an objective estimate of the total habitat loss experienced by this species. This information could be used to address whether granting it federal or state protection is warranted. For species whose distributions can be modeled with abiotic variables such as soils, elevation, topography, and climate, this approach may have broad applications for resolving questions regarding their current levels of habitat loss and regional conservation planning.     

高寒混播草地优势草种生态位与种间竞争力分析

为了探究高寒混播草地最优牧草配置,以上繁草'同德’短芒披碱草(Elymus breviaristatus'Tongde’,A),垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans,B),'同德’老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus'Tongde’,D),'青牧1号’老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus'Qingmu No1’,E)、下繁草'同德’小花碱茅(Puccinellia distans'Tongde’,C),'青海’草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.'Qinghai’,F),'青海’冷地早熟禾(Poa crymophila'Qinghai’,G),'青海’扁茎早熟禾(Poa pratensis var.ancepsGaud.'Qinghai’,H)为试验材料,以种间竞争力(Competition ratio,CR)与相对产量总和(Relative yield total,RYT)为评价方法,测定牧草生物量。结果表明：下繁草竞争力小于上繁草;混播牧草数(Number of mixed herbage,NMH)为2时,B竞争力最强;NMH为3时,存在2种上繁草的组合RYT大于1;单播时C和A生态位宽度最大,混播后杂类草生态位宽度降低,D和E,C重叠度最高,A与F,G,H重叠度最低;高寒混播草地中优选牧草组合有B+E,B+D,E+H,A+C+D,B+C+D,建议慎选牧草组合为C+D,D+E,F+G,F+H,F+G+H。     

Habitat use of ponies and cattle foraging together in a coastal dune area

Grazing by large ungulates has been chosen as a management tool in scrub-dominated dune reserves at the Belgian coast. Due to morphological and physiological differences between cattle and ponies, differences in foraging behaviour and habitat use are expected, and these may result in a different impact on the spatially heterogeneous and nutrient-limited ecosystem. Grazing behaviour and habitat use of Shetland ponies and Highland cattle, grazing together in a coastal dune area (60 ha) were investigated at various levels of the foraging hierarchy (habitat, vegetation type, sward height and diet). Habitat use overlap was high in all seasons; both cattle and pony spent most of their grazing time in the grass-dominated habitat. However, Shetland ponies concentrated their grazing activity more on the grass-dominated habitat than did cattle. Cattle spent a greater proportion of their grazing activity in woodland and scrub, compared to the ponies. Foraging activity in woodland and scrub is strongly influenced by season. Within the grass-dominated habitat both species preferred foraging in the grasslands and avoided open vegetation and moss dunes. Within the grasslands, cattle grazed less on the short swards than did ponies. Both cattle and ponies predominantly foraged on graminoids, though there are minor differences between both species and among seasons. Browsing of woody plants occurred only by cattle. Where grazing management has been implemented to maintain dune grasslands and to avoid further invasion by scrub, a combination of cattle and ponies appears to be adequate. Ponies are suitable for maintaining grasslands, but they have no impact on invading scrub. Cattle have an impact on scrub development, both by direct consumption of various shrub species and by opening initially closed scrub.     

芒果炭疽病生境生态位

应用生态位理论,测定芒果炭疽病生境生态位。结果表明,芒果炭疽病的空间生态位宽度指数比较大,对空间资源利用较充分。果园中间的果树通风性差,湿度大,芒果炭疽病的病情指数最大,北边边线较通风、湿度小,芒果炭疽病病情指数最小。果实期、夏稍期、秋稍期、花期芒果炭疽病的生境生态位宽度指数依次为：0．9508、0．9412、0．9653和0．8497。在各生境位点上,芒果炭疽病对资源的占有和利用能力是不同的,边线的生境相对不利于芒果炭疽病的生存,花期时果园各方位生境差异最大,对芒果炭疽病的生境生态位宽度影响最显著。     

金城山草本层淫羊藿植物群落的稳定性分析

[目的]分析嘉陵江流域金城山草本层淫羊藿植物群落的稳定性.[方法]研究对象是金城山森林群落草本层植物淫羊藿,以及作对照的鸢尾、复叶耳蕨、苔草、卷柏、细柄草.采用随机取样法调查了20个2 m×2 m样方.对每个样方进行草本层主要植物种群的频度、盖度、密度、高度和生物量的测定.最后计算金城山草本层几种主要植物的生态位宽度和生态位重叠.[结果]测定金城山草本层几种主要植物的生态位宽度和生态位重叠结果表明:金城山草本层植物植物群落已经具有了相当的稳定性,但这种稳定性是有限的,还处于动态的变化之中.[结论]对建立农林复合体系,开发淫羊藿中药资源和加强淫羊藿野生资源保护有一定的指导意义.     

围栏封育下华北半干旱草原植物生态位研究

为查明围栏封育条件下华北半干旱草原植物生态位格局及变化,于河北坝上地区红松洼国家级自然保护区设置100 m×100 m围栏监测固定大样地,采用样方法对封育区和放牧区植被生长状况进行调查,运用生态位理论对围栏内外主要植物的生态位宽度、生态位重叠值和生态位相似比例进行测算.结果表明:披针叶苔草(Carex lanceolata)在围栏内外的生态位宽度均为最大.披针叶苔草、裂叶蒿(Artemisia tanacetifolia)、地榆(Sanguisorba officinalis)、毛茛(Ranunculus japonicus)、珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum)等生态位宽度较大物种之间具有较高程度的生态位重叠.这些物种的生态位相似比例也较高;而生态位宽度较小的物种其生态位相似比例较小.表明生态位宽度与生态位重叠值、生态位宽度与生态位相似比例之间存在一定的线性关系.     

云雾山天然草地30年恢复演替过程中优势草种生态位动态

为探究云雾山天然草地30年恢复演替过程中优势草种的生态位动态,通过典型样方调查,运用Levins和Pianka公式分别对封育5年、9年、14年、18年和30年天然草地的主要物种生态位进行了分析。结果表明：不同封育年限草地的物种组成与群落类型具有明显差异,阿尔泰狗哇花（Heteropappus altaicus）、大针茅（Stipa grandis）、二裂委陵菜（Potentilla bifurca）和百里香（Thymus mongolicus）4个种群生态位总宽度较大,且在5个不同封育年限草地均有出现。云雾山原建群种长芒草（Stipa bungeana）生态位宽度也较大,但在封育30年样方中未发现其分布。不同封育年限各物种生态位宽度排序和其总宽度排序并不相同,封育5年、9年和14年的草地中生态位宽度最大的分别是长芒草、甘肃蒿（Artemisia gansuensis）和猪毛蒿（A.scoparia）,封育18年和30年草地大针茅最大。随着封育年限增加,优势物种的生态位宽度出现波动,大针茅的生态位宽度随封育年限增加呈现“升-降-升”的动态变化,封育5~18年,长芒草生态位宽度变化表现为先降后升,甘青针茅（S.przewalskyi）只在封育30年样地出现,但其生态位宽度仅次于大针茅。种群间生态位重叠与不同封育年限草地种群生态位宽度无线性关系,封育9年草地种群间的生态位重叠指数均值最大,封育14年和30年草地的生态位重叠指数均值呈递增趋势。随着封育年限的增加,草地生态系统逐渐得到恢复,种间竞争也随之增加。     

侵蚀环境退耕撂荒地植物种群演变动态研究

以侵蚀环境不同年限的撂荒地为研究对象,研究撂荒后植物种群生态结构演变过程,结果表明,退耕撂荒后植被演替恢复过程可划分为:先锋植物物种期(1~5 a),物种渐繁荣期(6~8 a),物种鼎盛期(9~13a),物种准稳定期(13~20 a)、物种相对稳定期(20~30 a)和灌木先锋物种入侵期(30~50 a)。其中先锋植物物种期以茵陈蒿、苦买菜、猪毛菜为关键种;物种渐繁荣期以委陵菜、阿尔泰狗哇花和隐子草为关键种;物种鼎盛期多物种共存,关键种不明显;物种准稳定期以长芒草、铁杆蒿和达乌里胡枝子为关键种;物种相对稳定期以铁杆蒿、达乌里胡枝子为关键种;灌木先锋物种主要有杠柳、木本铁线莲、绣线菊等。在植被恢复过程中,先锋植物物种在演替初期先增多,而后逐渐减少,到演替中后期时演变为偶见种或从群落中基本消失;而一些过渡指示物种,其地上生物量大多呈升——降的变化趋势;群落稳定优势种的地上生物量呈持续增大的演变趋势,它们在群落中的重要性也是越来越大。而演替中的过渡优势种的地上生物量的演变趋势为单峰曲线,它们在群落中的重要性同样经历了一个由升到降的演变过程。同时,退耕撂荒地植被演替中,大多数先锋植物的生态位宽度较窄,分布范围较小,是生态特化种;但优势先锋植物,生态位宽度却较大,分布范围极广,是生态泛化种。与之相对应的演替中后期过渡优势种或稳定优势种,生态位宽度则较窄,分布范围不及优势先锋植物,是生态相对泛化种。退耕撂荒地植被演替中植物种群的替代是通过物种的生态适应性和种间竞争来实现的。     

Understandings of Sustainable Corporate Governance by Australian Managed Investment Schemes and Some Implications for Small-scale Forestry in Australia

This study reveals that managers of Australian managed investment schemes understand sustainable corporate governance as a mix of financial, natural environment and social outcomes. A number of managers who were interviewed prioritized financial aspects of business performance but acknowledged that sustained financial performance is only possible if positive natural environment outcomes and positive social outcomes are also sustained. In this context, the managers expressed qualified support for the development of small-scale forestry in Australia. Some implications of these findings for small-scale forestry in Australia are discussed, including how opportunities exist for small-scale forestry proponents to collaborate with firms that operate managed investment schemes to lobby governments for further policy support that assists the sustainable development of both sectors.     

基于GIS空间分析技术的农村居民点用地适宜性评价——以陕西省韩城市为例

以陕西省韩城市为例,依据新时期我国农村建设要求,从韩城市农村地区居民点用地特征入手,选取生态条件、生产条件和生活条件3个方面的16个相关评价指标,建立评价体系,利用生态位理论与模糊物元模型,评价其农村居民点用地适宜性,将韩城市农村可用作居民点的土地依据适宜性划分为4个等级:高适宜居民点用地、一般适宜居民点用地、不适宜居民点用地和禁止居民点用地。研究结果可为我国广大农村地区居民点选址提供参考。