Assessing forest vulnerability and the potential distribution of pine beetles under current and future climate scenarios in the Interior West of the US

The aim of our study was to estimate forest vulnerability and potential distribution of three bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) under current and projected climate conditions for 2020 and 2050. Our study focused on the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis), and pine engraver (Ipspini). This study was conducted across eight states in the Interior West of the US covering approximately 2.2 million km² and encompassing about 95% of the Rocky Mountains in the contiguous US. Our analyses relied on aerial surveys of bark beetle outbreaks that occurred between 1991 and 2008. Occurrence points for each species were generated within polygons created from the aerial surveys. Current and projected climate scenarios were acquired from the WorldClim database and represented by 19 bioclimatic variables. We used Maxent modeling technique fit with occurrence points and current climate data to model potential beetle distributions and forest vulnerability. Three available climate models, each having two emission scenarios, were modeled independently and results averaged to produce two predictions for 2020 and two predictions for 2050 for each analysis. Environmental parameters defined by current climate models were then used to predict conditions under future climate scenarios, and changes in different species’ ranges were calculated. Our results suggested that the potential distribution for bark beetles under current climate conditions is extensive, which coincides with infestation trends observed in the last decade. Our results predicted that suitable habitats for the mountain pine beetle and pine engraver beetle will stabilize or decrease under future climate conditions, while habitat for the western pine beetle will continue to increase over time. The greatest increase in habitat area was for the western pine beetle, where one climate model predicted a 27% increase by 2050. In contrast, the predicted habitat of the mountain pine beetle from another climate model suggested a decrease in habitat areas as great as 46% by 2050. Generally, 2020 and 2050 models that tested the three climate scenarios independently had similar trends, though one climate scenario for the western pine beetle produced contrasting results. Ranges for all three species of bark beetles shifted considerably geographically suggesting that some host species may become more vulnerable to beetle attack in the future, while others may have a reduced risk over time.     

Selective segregation in intraspecific competition between juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta)

Interactive segregation has been suggested as the ruling competition mechanism determining niche and niche segregation between juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta). Results from allopatry–sympatry observations of habitat use in both nature and in experiments were contrary to predictions derived from the interactive segregation hypothesis. Habitat use parameters under natural conditions such as distance to shore for Atlantic salmon parr were nearly identical in allopatric (mean ± SD; 3.2 ± 1.4 m) and sympatric (3.3 ± 1.4 m) situations. Occupied water depths largely reflected available water, but water depths <15 cm were avoided by salmon parr. Under experimental conditions, habitat use of allopatric salmon was density independent and salmon size had only minor effects, with smaller fish being more likely to occur in the shallow. Habitat use of salmon in sympatry with trout did not differ from allopatric salmon habitat use, and only salmon size had minor effects on depth choice – occurrence of trout or fish density had no effect. Allopatric trout was in general more frequent in the shallow habitat than salmon. Habitat use of sympatric trout was affected by the occurrence of salmon and trout size, resulting in a higher use of the shallow habitats for small trout. To conclude, selective segregation has a dominant role in salmon habitat use (not affected by trout occurrence), whereas a mixed situation occurs in trout habitat use with elements of interactive segregation when competing with Atlantic salmon (affected by salmon occurrence).     

平山狩猎场夏季鸟类群落结构生态位研究

根据本试验观察的空间生态位数字特征，结合鸟类的取食基底和食性，平山地区夏季鸟类群落划分为６大取食集团：（１）以鹌鹑等代表的绝对地面取食集团；（２）以灰头鵐等为代表的相对地面取食集团；（３）以沼泽山雀等为代表的灌丛层取食集团；（４）以大山雀等为代表的下木层取食集团；（５）以灰背鸫等为代表的林冠取食集团；（６）以斑啄木鸟为代表的树干取食集团。     

毛竹叶螨及其天敌捕食螨的生态位研究

通过对福建南平西芹毛竹叶螨危害的毛竹林调查分析 ,结果表明 ,毛竹叶螨及其天敌对时空资源利用程度序列为 :捕食螨 (Bi =0 5550 ) >竹小爪螨 (Oligonychusurama) (Bi=0 4 467) >南京裂爪螨 (Schizotet ranychusnanjingensis) (Bi=0 30 97) >竹缺爪螨 (Aponychuscorpuzae) (Bi=0 2 875) >竹裂爪螨 (S .celarius) (Bi=0 1 674 ) >苔螨 (Bryobiasp .) (Bi=0 1 4 1 7)。捕食螨对南京裂爪螨、竹小爪螨、竹缺爪螨的时空跟随效应强 (Cij值分别为 0 574 3、0 4 830、0 4 371 )。叶螨间南京裂爪螨与竹缺爪螨对时空资源竞争最激烈 (Cij=0 60 76)。竹小爪螨与其它 4种叶螨竞争较激烈 (Cij>0 2 )。南京裂爪螨、竹小爪螨、竹缺爪螨 3种叶螨不同螨态中以竹小爪螨卵和成螨占有较大时空资源 ,其种内竞争激烈 (Cij值大 )。种间以竹缺爪螨和南京裂爪螨卵、幼若螨、竹缺爪螨幼螨与南京裂爪螨卵、竹小爪螨成螨与竹缺爪螨幼若螨竞争激烈 (Cij>0 4 )。捕食螨对 3种叶螨不同螨态的跟随效应以南京裂爪螨幼若螨、成螨、竹小爪螨成螨、竹缺爪螨幼若螨最强 (Cij>0 5) ,其余依次为竹小爪螨卵、南京裂爪螨卵、竹缺爪螨成螨、竹小爪螨幼若螨、竹缺爪螨卵     

南亚热带4个不同演替阶段树种苗木环境适应性研究

本文用净光合作用速率为指标从生态位宽度、重叠和理论生态位中心与现实生态位中心的偏离程度等方面来探讨不同演替阶段森林群落的优势树种苗木对环境适应性的问题 ,并采用同位素技术研究了光环境与苗木光合产物的输出和分配的关系。研究结果表明 ,森林演替先锋树种马尾松的苗木对土壤含水量变化 (变旱 )和全日照的光环境的适应性最强 ;演替后期种黄果厚壳桂对土壤含水量的变化的适应性最差 ;演替过渡种藜蒴对pH值的变化适应性最强 ,演替后期种黄果厚壳桂的适应性最差 ;生态位宽度与生态位中心偏离值都表现出演替过渡种藜蒴和荷木对矿物质浓度梯度变化适应性最强 ,这与它们苗木有较发达的根系相关密切 ,从而反映了森林演替过渡种比先锋树种和演替后期种有较强的对矿物质营养浓度等条件变化适应性。 4个树种苗木的生态位重叠度都较高 ,说明在森林演替过程中 ,各阶段的树种对资源的竞争是比较激烈的。同时光合产物输出与分配规律的研究结果还表明了 ,弱光对森林演替先锋树种马尾松的光合产物的输出与分配是不利的 ,而全日照的光环境却不利于森林演替过渡种和演替后期种苗木的光合产物的输出与分配     

基于利基战略的自然保护区生态旅游发展模式研究

分析了基于利基战略的自然保护区生态旅游发展模式。从利基营销战略的发展过程及特点出发,说明自然保护区是我国旅游市场中的＂中小经营者＂和＂后发经营者＂,在自然保护区开展生态旅游具有比较优势,同时保护区目标具有多元性的性质,在自然保护区中引入利基战略是生态旅游市场分化与培育的需要。笔者以王朗自然保护区的实践说明了利基战略对我国自然保护区生态旅游的适用性,归纳出自然保护区生态旅游利基战略的实施要准确细分和定位市场,重视产品和服务的质量,建立市场壁垒,关注市场的动态变化并选择针对性的营销策略。     

氮素添加对退化草原优势种生态位与种间关联度的影响

[目的]明确氮素添加对退化草原、优势种生态位与种间关联度的影响,为退化草原的管理与恢复提供理论依据。[方法]以退化草原优势种为研究对象,分析群落物种间关联性、物种生态位及生态位重叠,研究不同浓度的氮素添加对退化草原种间关系的影响。[结果]低、中水平氮素添加群落中羊草与多根葱呈显著负相关;随着氮素浓度的增加,羊草、针茅生态位宽度逐渐变大,多根葱生态位宽度逐渐减小。[结论]在群落的恢复过程中,氮素添加提高了羊草竞争能力。     

祁连山青海云杉人工林草本层生态位及生态响应研究

对祁连山区青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)人工林草本层植物群落的60个样方进行调查,运用Levins和Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度指数及Pianka 生态位重叠度指数,对该人工林下草本层各植物种群的生态位宽度及生态位重叠度进行定量研究。结果表明:珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum)和东方草莓(Fragaria orientalis)的生态位宽度最大,是青海云杉人工林下草本层的优势种,表明这2种物种在该人工林下具有广泛的适应性。生态位重叠指数表明:在青海云杉林下生态位宽度较大或较小的草本种群,他们之间的生态位重叠既有较大的,也有较小的,草本种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠程度无相关性,可能是由于该区草本物种分布的斑块性和环境资源的高度空间异质性造成的。总体上看,青海云杉人工林下草本层的生态位重叠相对较低,对资源利用的相似度较低;从生态响应速率来看,高山老鹳草(Geranium pylzowianum)和马先蒿(Pedicularis)的发展性最强,在今后的演替过程中将会发展为青海云杉人工林下草本层的优势种群。     

Altitudinal range shift detected through seedling survival of Ceiba aesculifolia in an area under the influence of an urban heat island

Changes in the position along the elevational gradient for plant species are a predicted consequence of global and local climate change. Within the area of influence of cities it is necessary, for conservation and ecological restoration, to understand the effect on plant communities of climate change and urban heat islands, that can increase the temperature around cities as much as 8 °C when compared with peri-urban rural areas. We explored patterns of seedling survival of Ceiba aesculifolia, a tropical tree species, along an altitudinal gradient in a slope facing the city of Morelia, in Michoacán, México, because the city has followed a trend of increasing mean annual temperatures with a difference of at least 4 °C when compared with the surrounding rural areas. The highest survival was found between 2200 and 2230 m a.s.l. (100% after 1 year of planting and 75% after 2 years), 160 m higher than the altitudinal limit of the remnant adult trees in the study area, and close to the highest limit reported for the species at a regional scale (2200 m a.s.l.). There was a significant effect of altitude on survival among experimental plots (P < 0.0001) and the interaction between elevation and distance from the north side of the experimental area was significant (P = 0.017). For restoring populations of C. aesculifolia within our study region, assisted migration through the establishment of populations at the elevational limit or higher than its historical range might be necessary in areas close to cities that already are under the effects of increased temperatures, but might be necessary also in rural areas for ameliorating the expected effects of global climate change in tropical rural areas.     

生物多样性影响农业生态系统功能及其机制研究进展

根据生物多样性影响生态系统功能某些作用机制,对生物多样性现在或未来可能对农业生态系统生产力的某些促进机理进行探讨.基于生态位互补角度简述了农业生物多样性对环境资源(非生物因素)的互补利用;并借鉴经济学理论剖析农业生态系统中生物多样性"投资组合效应"的经济生态学意义;同时,结合最新的生态位构建理论与进化动力学模型,对生物多样性(生物因素)的生态动力学机制进行分析;而作为农业生态系统中扮演重要角色的人,更应注重农业生物多样性保护与利用的关系.