京郊风景游憩林侧柏-刺槐群落林下植被生态位研究

对北京市郊区风景游憩林侧柏-刺槐群落林下植被的主要植物种群的生态位宽度、生态位相似比例和生态位重叠分析表明,求米草、荆条、孩儿拳头和细叶苔草生态位宽度值较大,上层林分主要树种侧柏和刺槐的林下更新苗生态位宽度比其他植物种林下更新苗的生态位宽度低;林下植物种群的生态位相似性比例值和生态位重叠值相对较小,不同种群间对资源的竞争相对不剧烈,可采取人工措施改善树种的配置,促进生态位分化。     

Depth-specific distribution and importance of nitrite-dependent anaerobic ammonium and methane-oxidising bacteria in an urban wetland

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-damo) are two recently discovered processes in the nitrogen cycle that are catalysed by anammox bacteria and n-damo bacteria, respectively. Here, the depth-specific distribution and importance of anammox bacteria and n-damo bacteria were studied in an urban wetland, Xixi Wetland, Zhejiang Province (China). Anammox bacteria related to Candidatus Brocadia, Candidatus Kuenenia and Candidatus Anammoxoglobus, and n-damo bacteria related to “Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera” were present in the collected soil samples. The abundance of anammox bacteria (2.6–8.6 × 10⁶ copies g⁻¹ dry soil) in the shallow soils (0–10 cm and 20–30 cm) was higher than that (2.5–9.8 × 10⁵ copies g⁻¹ dry soil) in the deep soils, whereas the abundance of n-damo bacteria (0.6–1.3 × 10⁷ copies g⁻¹ dry soil) in the deep soils (50–60 cm and 90–100 cm) was higher than that (3.4–4.5 × 10⁶ copies g⁻¹ dry soil) in the shallow soils. Anammox activity was detected at all depths, and higher potential rates (12.1–21.4 nmol N₂ g⁻¹ dry soil d⁻¹) were observed at depths of 0–10 cm and 20–30 cm compared with the rates (3.5–8.7 nmol N₂ g⁻¹ dry soil d⁻¹) measured at depths of 50–60 and 90–100 cm. In contrast, n-damo was mainly occurred at depths of 50–60 cm and 90–100 cm with potential rates of 0.7–5.0 nmol CO₂ g⁻¹ dry soil d⁻¹. This study suggested the niche segregation of the anammox bacteria and n-damo bacteria in wetland soils, with anammox bacteria being active primarily in deep soils and n-damo bacteria being active primarily in shallow soils.     

Reciprocal adjustments between landforms and living organisms: Extended geomorphic evolutionary insights

Whilst biological organisms adapt to the environment, earth surface processes and landforms evolve as a result of physicochemical processes, and as the result of the activity of certain living organisms defined as ‘ecosystem engineers’. The importance of long- and short-term impacts on geomorphic structures and processes by ecosystem engineers appears to be underestimated. Recent recognition of complex abiotic–biotic feedbacks in nature has resulted in a convergence of approaches in ecology and geomorphology. Present biogeomorphic knowledge supports the hypothesis that abiotic–biotic feedbacks create characteristic modulated patterns of earth surface landforms, adjusting according to biological evolution in the long term and to ecological succession in the short term. In this context, natural selection of organisms and ecological successions are considered to have the potential, in some cases, for extension to the physical world, including earth surface landforms. This perspective aims to contribute to the disruption of the ‘classical’ dichotomy between abiotic–biotic compartments because it emphasizes reciprocal adjustments (i.e., feedback mechanisms) between living organisms and abiotic environment dynamics. The extended evolutionary perspective, that is intended to feed back to ecology and evolutionary biology, indicates the potential for change in our deep understanding of geomorphology to reflect evolutionary and ecological succession theories.     

气候变化对藏药独一味适生区分布格局的影响

本研究通过实地调查，运用最大熵（MaxEnt）模型和环境气候数据模拟未来气候变化对青藏高原地区藏药独一味（Lamiophlomis rotata（Benth.）Kudo）适生区空间分布格局的影响，探索其适生区变迁规律。通过ArcGIS和SPSS对模拟结果分析显示，当前气候条件下独一味最适宜生长地区主要分布于青藏高原地区的四川与西藏，甘肃与青海交界处，占青藏高原总面积的24.87%，其中西藏自治区适生区面积最大，其次是四川和青海，甘肃和云南占比最小；未来气候变化使适生区几何中心向西南方向迁移97.1 km，且海拔上升267 m；气候变化带来的适生区扩大面积约为退化面积的2倍，各省适生区面积均呈现增加，西藏增加最多，其次是四川，青海略有增加，云南和甘肃变化不大；如果气候变暖持续发生，人工引种驯化应选择海拔相对较高区域，而低海拔地区由于退化风险，应作为物种保护区域重点监测。本研究将为气候敏感地区野生濒危药用植物的引种驯化及资源保护提供参考依据。     

空间生态位的分析方法在森林资源评价中的应用

文章选择黑龙江省东部典型天然次生林和接近原始阔叶红松林两个区域的森林类型,采用空间生态位理论的分析方法,对组成这两个森林群落类型的主要种群的空间生态位宽度和地理矩进行了定量测定。并对森林资源进行了空间生态位的划分。从而反映出森林群落的演替动态及趋势。结果表明：在帽儿山次生林区,生态位宽度最大的是色木械,榆树,水曲柳和黄波罗等硬阔叶树种,白桦,山杨等软阔叶树种的生态位宽度正在缩小。森林群落进入了以硬     

上海地区几种杂草的生态位分析

采用Levins公式和王刚生态位重叠计测方法,分别从群落梯度和土壤水分维、土壤盐分维、土壤酸碱度维、有机质维等4个单一生态因子对上海地区7种杂草生态位分化进行了定量分析。结果表明：（1）在群落梯度上,生态位大小依次为牛繁缕〉齿果酸模〉蛇莓〉香附子〉狗牙根〉马兰〉蒲公英。（2）牛繁缕在土壤水分、土壤盐分、土壤酸碱度、有机质维上的生态位分别为0．5274、0．6039、0．3620和0．7325,齿果酸模在这4维上分别为0．3320、0．3083、0．5103和0．5353。生态位宽度研究表明：牛繁缕和齿果酸模处于优势种地位,其余属于伴生种。（3）每个物种在群落梯度上的生态位宽度基本大于在上述4个资源轴上的平均生态位。（4）牛繁缕与齿果酸模在土壤盐分维上的生态位重叠最大（0．4203）．表明这2个优势种在利用土壤盐分方面有相似的特性。     

基于遗传算法的带时间窗的多目标flow-shop调度

结合实际生产,引入机器的空闲时间建立了一个带有时间窗的flow—shop优化调度模型。通过非支配排序来进行群体虚拟适应度值的分配,引入精英解策略来保证算法的收敛性和解的多样性,运用小生境技术来避免局部收敛和早熟,维持种群多样性。通过仿真实验得到模型具有实际意义,算法具有可行性。     

Gap partitioning among temperate tree species across a regional soil gradient in windstorm-disturbed forests

Canopy closure and soil characteristics are commonly used to explain regeneration distribution at local and regional scales, although very few studies take both factors into account. The combination of environmental variables defined at broad and local scales is necessary to provide regeneration distribution models with a small resolution (tree scale) that are valid on a large spatial scale (regional scale). Our aim was to quantify how gap partitioning among tree species at the seedling stage varies across large soil and stand type gradients. Regeneration inventories performed 5 years after gap creation were used to analyse the combined effects of soil type, stand type, and position within canopy gaps on the regeneration development of eight western European broadleaved species: Acer campestre, Acer pseudoplatanus, Betulapendula, Carpinusbetulus, Fagussylvatica, Fraxinusexcelsior, Quercus sp., and Salixcaprea. A clear pattern of gap partitioning among the eight species was observed. All species had higher density at the gap edge except birch and willow showing the highest presence in gap centres. For all species, the probability of presence of tall seedlings (height > 0.5 m) increased from gap edge to gap centre. Small seedlings presented the opposite trend except birch and willow. Soil pH influenced probability of presence for each species, but did not affect the pattern of gap partitioning among species. Both local (location within the gap) and regional (soil pH and stand type) scale factors affect recruitment distribution and are thus necessary to predict seedling distribution. The models developed may be used to determine the optimal gap size in order to obtain a given species composition according to soil and stand type conditions.     

小麦穗蚜及其天敌的空间生态位分析

对合肥地区小麦穗期的三种蚜虫及其主要天敌的生态位宽度及重叠值进行了测定,分析了各种群在资源利用方面的种间关系。三种蚜虫蚜茧峰、瓢虫主要分布在麦株40cm以上的部位,每两种群之间的垂直生态位重叠值都达0.7以上;每种水平生态位宽度值都在0.6以上,每两种群之间水平生态位重叠值都在0.63以下。生态位随时间有一定的变化。麦蚜天敌的优势类群为蚜茧峰。     

色季拉山不同深度土壤真菌多样性的海拔分布格局及其影响机制

明确土壤真菌生物多样性的形成与维持机制是理解真菌生物地理分布格局的关键,但是目前对深层土壤真菌多样性的海拔分布格局及其影响机制知之甚少。本研究在西藏色季拉山3 300～4 600 m海拔梯度下采集表层（0～20 cm）及底层（40～60 cm）土壤样品,基于ITS rDNA高通量测序分析,揭示不同深度土壤中真菌多样性的海拔分布特征及其影响因子,并基于生态位属性计算探讨真菌群落的共存特征。研究表明,在表层土壤中,真菌丰富度及香农多样性均随海拔升高而显著降低。在底层土壤中,真菌丰富度随海拔升高而显著降低,而香农多样性则表现出先升高后降低的单峰模式。真菌群落组成的差异性（β多样性）在土壤表层及底层均随海拔梯度的增加而显著增加, pH和土壤湿度分别是表层和底层土壤真菌群落组成沿海拔梯度变化的关键驱动因子。对真菌群落生态位宽度（Bcom）和生态位重叠值（Oik）的计算结果表明,土壤真菌的环境适应性和代谢灵活性随海拔升高而降低,并且低海拔以及表层土壤中各真菌种群在资源利用或生境适应性上具有更高的相似度。以上研究结果揭示了环境过滤及种群共存特征对土壤真菌多样性海拔分布格局的关键影响,有助于深入了解青藏高原高寒生态系统中土壤真菌群落多样性形成和维持机制。