塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘暴过程贴地层梯度输沙样粒度特征分析

利用2007年4月22日塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地一次沙尘过程采集的贴地层梯度输沙样,应用Malvern MS2000激光粒度分析仪进行实验测量。结果显示:平均粒径在100μm附近分布,按梯度层阶越向上颗粒分选越好,粒度曲线呈单峰正偏,极细沙比重最大。对比两个采样点,位于沙丘顶部的B点比位于平坦沙地的A点粒度分布范围更广。     

氢氧化钠-尿素法测定烟草木质素预处理方法的优化

[目的]优化氢氧化钠-尿素法(NU法)测定烟草木质素含量的预处理方法。[方法]分别用中性洗涤剂和氢氧化钠-尿素溶液对烟梗、烟叶碎片(烟片)、烟叶碎末(烟末)进行预处理,分析比较了2种溶液对干扰物的去除效果,并对2种预处理方法下NU法的测定结果进行了对比评价。[结果]中性洗涤剂对烟梗、烟片、烟末的干扰物去除率近80%,比氢氧化钠-尿素溶液提高13%~16%;在中性洗涤预处理方法下,NU法测得3种烟草样品的木质素含量大小关系为烟梗烟片烟末,与氢氧化钠-尿素预处理下的测定结果恰恰相反;预处理方法优化后NU法的精密度为2.03%,满足检测需求。[结论]研究可为烟草木质素含量测定的预处理方法优化提供参考。     

Spatial and non-spatial factors: When do they affect landscape indicators of watershed loading?

The percentage of a watershed occupied by agricultural areas is widely used to predict nutrient loadings and in-stream water chemistry because water quality is often linked to non-point sources in a watershed. Measures of the spatial location of source areas have generally not been incorporated into such landscape indicators although empirical evidence and watershed loading models suggest that spatially explicit information is useful for predicting loadings. I created a heuristic grid-based surface-flow model to address the discrepancies between spatially explicit and non-spatial approaches to understanding watershed loading. The mean and variance in loading were compared among thousands of simulated watersheds with varying percentages of randomly located source and sinks. The variability in loading among replicate landscapes was greatest for those landscapes with ~65% source areas. This variance peak suggests that considering the spatial arrangement of cover types is most important for watersheds with intermediate relative abundances of sources and sinks as the wide variety of different spatial configurations can lead to either very high or very low loading. Increasing the output from source pixels (relative to the amount absorbed by sink pixels) among different landscapes moved the peak in variance to landscapes with lower percentages of sources. A final scenario examined both broad- and fine-scale heterogeneity in source output to disentangle the relative contributions of spatial configuration, percentage of source covers, and heterogeneity of sources in governing variability in loading. In landscapes with high percentages of source pixels, fine-scale heterogeneity in source output was responsible for a greater portion of the total variability in loading among different watersheds than was spatial arrangement. These results provide several testable hypotheses for when spatial and non-spatial approaches might be most useful in relating land cover to water chemistry and suggest improvements for the spatial sensitivity analyses of eco-hydrologic watershed models.     

纳米镍催化树脂酸歧化反应的研究(Ⅱ)——树脂酸歧化反应的研究

将纳米镍催化剂首次应用于树脂酸的歧化反应中。对影响枞酸歧化反应的主要因素,如搅拌转速、催化剂种类及用量、温度和溶剂用量等进行了研究,得出纳米镍催化下枞酸歧化反应的适宜条件为:搅拌转速300 r/min,温度160℃,催化剂用量为枞酸质量的2.0%,溶剂200#溶剂油的质量分数为50%(相对于整个反应体系),反应时间3 h。     

松香酯中性施胶剂组成与性能的有机概念图分析

讨论了松香酯在中性施胶剂中施胶剂结构与施胶性能的关系，以有机要领图理论分析了施胶剂组成对施胶剂效率的影响，采用三元图表示施胶剂Ｉ／Ｏ值与施胶剂性能间的关联规律，阐述了松香酯的施胶机理。     

羟基保护法合成松香酰二乙醇胺及其表面活性初探

先用二氢吡喃保护二乙醇胺的羟基，与松香酸甲酯(RAME)反应制得松香酰二乙醇胺二(四氢吡喃醚)后，再经羟基解保护后制备松香酰二乙醇胺(RDEA)。二次回归正交试验优化的合成条件为：松香酸甲酯与二乙醇胺二(四氢吡喃醚)摩尔比1：1．6，反应温度93℃，反应时间4．4h，催化剂乙醇钠用量为二乙醇胺二(四氢吡喃醚)的2．5％，松香酰二乙醇胺得率为93．87％。性能测定表明，松香酰二乙醇胺的发泡能力及泡沫稳定性、乳化能力与十二烷基硫酸钠(K12)相当，临界胶束浓度较K12略大。松香甲酯化制备松香酸甲酯的最佳制备条件：松香与甲醇摩尔比1：3、反应时间1h、反应温度70℃、催化剂氢氧化钾用量为松香的2％，酯化率为95．50％。     

松香烯丙醇酯的合成研究

探索了一种两步合成松香烯丙醇酯的新方法,即先以烯丙醇和对甲苯磺酰氯为原料,以NaOH为催化剂,通过O-酰化反应合成中间体对甲苯磺酸烯丙醇酯,再与松香纳皂发生亲核取代反应合成目标产物松香烯丙醇酯.通过单因素试验,得出合成中间体对甲苯磺酸烯丙醇酯的最佳工艺条件为:n(烯丙醇)∶n(对甲苯磺酰氯)为3∶1,反应温度0℃,反应时间3 h,产率达89.5%;合成目标产物松香烯丙醇酯的最佳工艺条件为:n(松香钠)∶n(对甲苯磺酸烯丙醇酯)为1.3∶1,反应温度40℃,反应时间2 h,产率达75.4%.利用TLC、IR和GC-MS对目标产物进行了分析和表征.试验表明,该法具有反应时间短、反应温度低的优点,能很好地避免原料因高温而发生的副反应.     

松香聚醚酯消泡剂的制备研究

制备了松香聚醚酯消泡剂,测定了消泡与控泡性能。实验结果为：合成松香聚醚酯的催化剂对甲苯磺酸的用量为0．12％,反应温度100-200℃,反应时间6-7h。松香一元脂肪醇聚醚酯中,环氧丙烷-环氧乙烷（PO-EO）聚醚的相对分子质量（MW）增大有利于消泡,一元聚醚中nPO与nEO为64-78：10—12,即npo：ng比值为7．25时消泡与控泡性能最优;较大MW的二元PO-EO聚醚的二松香酯消泡与控泡性提高,但MW大于7000时分散性下降,不利于消泡。聚醚中EO的质量比影响消泡与控泡性,当EO占松香聚醚酯质量的10％时,消泡性最优。     

丙烯酸松香(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯的光固化动力学研究

以丙烯酸松香(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯为主要原料制备紫外光固化涂料,通过全反射红外光谱分析(ATR FT-IR)研究了不同配方涂料紫外光照射后双键的转化率,用铅笔硬度、附着力等表征了固化过程中固化膜的力学性能。结果表明,随固化时间延长,固化膜的铅笔硬度由2H上升至3H至脱落,附着力由1级变化为2级至脱落,光引发剂浓度和紫外光强对固化初期碳碳双键转化率影响较大;当漆膜厚度由75μm变为25μm,采用薄的漆膜厚度或者Irgacure 1173光引发剂,都能加快反应速度;丙烯酸松香(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯能在50 s内实现固化。