冬季LED补充光照对红豆杉生长发育的影响

[目的]研究冬季LED补充光照对红豆杉生长发育的影响。[方法]以南方红豆杉为材料,利用LED补充光照设置不同补光强度(1 000、3 000、5 000和7 000 lx),研究冬季LED补充光照对红豆杉生长发育的影响。[结果]3 000～5 000 lx范围内的LED补光条件能较好地促进了红豆杉的生长,1 000 lx以下补光影响不大,超过5 000 lx,影响也变小;在LED植物生长灯下只需约126 lx的光强就可达到红豆杉植株在自然光(光强约为1 257 lx)下的净光合速率。[结论]LED植物生长灯作为一种新型光源,可以使植物在较低的蒸腾速率下取得较高的净光合速率。     

Relative importance of different types of inoculum to the establishment of Mycosphaerella graminicola in wheat crops in north‐west Europe

The contribution of wheat debris to the early stages of septoria leaf blotch epidemics was assessed in a 3‐year field experiment. First lesions were detected very early (December) in the case of an early sowing (mid‐October), showing that the first contamination could occur as soon as the seedlings emerge. The tested debris management options (chopped debris, removal of debris followed by tillage, or tillage in absence of debris) had a strong effect, although transient, on the epidemic dynamic: the more debris present on the soil surface, the more severe initial disease was. The magnitude of differences between treatments differed substantially between years. The relative production of pycnidiospores and ascospores was measured on the chopped debris. Peaks in pycnidiospore and ascospore production coincided in October–November. Both types of spores can be involved as primary inoculum in north‐west European conditions. The local amount of pycnidiospores available on debris in the field, estimated per square metre, was 1000‐fold the local ascospore production. Moreover, inoculum production was quantified on debris exposed to different environmental conditions. Autumnal conditions, characterized by moderate temperature with alternating wet and dry periods, were favourable for the production of both pycnidiospores and ascospores, as shown by the high inoculum production on debris exposed to field or outdoor conditions. By late autumn, the canopy became the most important source of pycnidiospores, and this period, characterized by the decreasing role of debris as a local source of inoculum compared to distant potential sources, can be considered as the end of the early epidemic stages.     

Measuring the productivity and physical workload of brushcutters within the context of a production-based pay system

Forestry occupations are known to be physically demanding, and workers are often paid on a piece rate basis. This pay system is largely used in silvicultural treatments such as plantation and vegetation management. An ill adjusted piece rate system may induce workforce recruitment difficulties or increase accident rates and work related illnesses. A study combining work measurement, ergonomics and economics was undertaken to better understand the factors influencing a worker's workload. Mathematical relations between site factors, worker's production and heart rate variation during work have been examined based on time and motion studies of 38 brushsaw operators performing regeneration release (cleaning) in northern forests. Results show that a piece rate pay system that considers only the area treated without taking into account site factors may lead workers to behave in ways that may compromise their health and safety. The use of a pay system that integrates the influence of site factors on work performance is therefore suggested.     

东乡野生稻渗入系苗期抗旱遗传及生理机制初步分析

以强抗旱性的巴西旱稻、东乡野生稻和弱抗旱性的栽培稻协青早B为对照品种,以基于萎蔫率的抗旱等级为鉴定指标,采用苗期反复自然干旱鉴定法和20%PEG6000模拟干旱法,对江西东乡普通野生稻(Oryza rufi-pogon)/协青早B//协青早B构建的回交重组自交系(Backcross inbred lines,BIL)群体(BC1F9)进行苗期抗旱机理及遗传分析。结果表明:230个BC1F9 BIL群体经2次反复自然干旱后,在1/2MS营养液恢复生长的平均抗旱等级分别为3.76和4.39,萎蔫率呈连续正态分布,暗示东乡野生稻苗期抗旱性表现为质量-数量性状遗传性状特征。将干旱处理一次后等级为1级的14个株系,在20%PEG6000模拟干旱条件下进行处理,结果与反复干旱二次后结果一致,株系1112、1168、1172和1315为强抗旱基因渗入系,可进一步用于抗旱基因的挖掘与利用。在20%PEG6000模拟干旱条件下,强抗旱性株系1112苗期叶片的可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量和SOD活性增加幅度都大于弱抗旱性株系1323,GSH含量下降幅度则低于弱抗旱株系,说明强抗旱株系渗透物质比弱抗旱株系积累快且幅度大,而细胞膜过氧化产物...     

施肥对猕猴桃鲜果产量及品质的影响

试验比较5个不同施肥水平对坡地猕猴桃果园鲜果产量及其内在品质的影响.结果表明,随着施肥水平的提高,猕猴桃鲜果的产量也明显提高,配方施肥的增产幅度更为明显.在低施肥水平的条件下,增加施肥对提高猕猴桃鲜果品质有正面的作用;高施肥水平对鲜果品质在总体上没有不良的影响.同时,对施用有机肥和配方施肥的作用进行讨论.     

影响红松嫁接苗造林成活率的因素分析

通过选取不同立地条件进行红松嫁接苗造林试验,分析影响红松嫁接苗造林成活率的关键因素,结果表明:除了嫁接苗质量问题导致造林成活率低以外,造林地选择和造林质量也是制约造林成活率的主导因子;因地制宜,适地适树,才能保证红松嫁接苗有较高的造林成活率。     

Effects of irrigation strategies and soils on field grown potatoes: Yield and water productivity

Yield and water productivity of potatoes grown in 4.32 m² lysimeters were measured in coarse sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam and imposed to full (FI), deficit (DI), and partial root-zone drying (PRD) irrigation strategies. PRD and DI as water-saving irrigation treatments received 65% of FI after tuber bulking and lasted for 6 weeks until final harvest. Analysis across the soil textures showed that fresh yields were not significant between the irrigation treatments. However, the same analysis across the irrigation treatments revealed that the effect of soil texture was significant on the fresh yield and loamy sand produced significantly higher fresh yield than the other two soils, probably because of higher leaf area index, higher photosynthesis rates, and “stay-green” effect late in the growing season. More analysis showed that there was a significant interaction between the irrigation treatments and soil textures that the highest fresh yield was obtained under FI in loamy sand. Furthermore, analysis across the soil textures showed that water productivities, WP (kg ha⁻¹ fresh tuber yield mm⁻¹ ET) were not significantly different between the irrigation treatments. However, across the irrigation treatments, the soil textures were significantly different. This showed that the interaction between irrigation treatments and soil textures was significant that the highest significant WP was obtained under DI in sandy loam. While PRD and DI treatments increased WP by, respectively, 11 and 5% in coarse sand and 28 and 36% in sandy loam relative to FI, they decreased WP in loamy sand by 15 and 13%. The reduced WP in loamy sand was due to nearly 28% fresh tuber yield loss in PRD and DI relative to FI even though ET was reduced by 9 and 11% in these irrigation treatments. This study showed that different soils will affect water-saving irrigation strategies that are worth knowing for suitable agricultural water management. So, under non-limited water resources conditions, loamy sand produces the highest yield under full irrigation but water-saving irrigations (PRD and DI) are not recommended due to considerable loss (28%) in yield. However, under restricted water resources, it is recommended to apply water-saving irrigations in sandy loam and coarse sand to achieve the highest water productivity.     

Growth dynamics of winter wheat in the field with daily fertilization and irrigation

In a field experiment with fertilized and irrigated winter wheat the above-ground crop was sampled once a week. Phenological development, plant density and canopy height were recorded and the green surface areas of leaves, stems and ears were measured. Soil mineral nitrogen was sampled and the field climate monitored. There were four treatments. The daily irrigated/fertilized (IF) and daily irrigated (I) treatments were both irrigated by a drip-tube system. Liquid fertilizer was applied to IF following a logistic function according to calculated plant uptake. A total of 200 kg N ha⁻¹ was applied. Treatment I, control (C) and drought (D) were all fertilized once in spring with 200 kg N ha⁻¹. In treatment D transparent screens were used to divert rainwater. Dry matter production ranged between 1400 in D and 2352 g m⁻² in IF. The corresponding amount of nitrogen uptake ranged between 15.8 and 24.6 g m⁻². After harvest, soil mineral nitrogen was lowest in IF.
An increase in the availability of nitrogen and water enhanced total biomass production as well as grain yield and leaf area. The daily supply of nitrogen according to crop demand delayed nitrogen uptake and increased total uptake. The results suggest that when the nitrogen is supplied in accordance with crop demand, the efficiency with which the applied fertilizer is utilized increases and the risk for nitrogen leaching decreases.