Comparisons of energy balance and evapotranspiration between flooded and aerobic rice fields in the Philippines

The seasonal and annual variability of sensible heat flux (H), latent heat flux (LE), evapotranspiration (ET), crop coefficient (K_c) and crop water productivity (WP_ET) were investigated under two different rice environments, flooded and aerobic soil conditions, using the eddy covariance (EC) technique during 2008-2009 cropping periods. Since we had only one EC system for monitoring two rice environments, we had to move the system from one location to the other every week. In total, we had to gap-fill an average of 50-60% of the missing weekly data as well as those values rejected by the quality control tests in each rice field in all four cropping seasons. Although the EC method provides a direct measurement of LE, which is the energy used for ET, we needed to correct the values of H and LE to close the energy balance using the Bowen ratio closure method before we used LE to estimate ET. On average, the energy balance closure before correction was 0.72 ± 0.06 and it increased to 0.99 ± 0.01 after correction. The G in both flooded and aerobic fields was very low. Likewise, the energy involved in miscellaneous processes such as photosynthesis, respiration and heat storage in the rice canopy was not taken into consideration.Average for four cropping seasons, flooded rice fields had 19% more LE than aerobic fields whereas aerobic rice fields had 45% more H than flooded fields. This resulted in a lower Bowen ratio in flooded fields (0.14 ± 0.03) than in aerobic fields (0.24 ± 0.01). For our study sites, evapotranspiration was primarily controlled by net radiation. The aerobic rice fields had lower growing season ET rates (3.81 ± 0.21 mm d⁻¹) than the flooded rice fields (4.29 ± 0.23 mm d⁻¹), most probably due to the absence of ponded water and lower leaf area index of aerobic rice. Likewise, the crop coefficient, K_c, of aerobic rice was significantly lower than that of flooded rice. For aerobic rice, K_c values were 0.95 ± 0.01 for the vegetative stage, 1.00 ± 0.01 for the reproductive stage, 0.97 ± 0.04 for the ripening stage and 0.88 ± 0.03 for the fallow period, whereas, for flooded rice, K_c values were 1.04 ± 0.04 for the vegetative stage, 1.11 ± 0.05 for the reproductive stage, 1.04 ± 0.05 for the ripening stage and 0.93 ± 0.06 for the fallow period. The average annual ET was 1301 mm for aerobic rice and 1440 mm for flooded rice. This corresponds to about 11% lower total evapotranspiration in aerobic fields than in flooded fields. However, the crop water productivity (WP_ET) of aerobic rice (0.42 ± 0.03 g grain kg⁻¹ water) was significantly lower than that of flooded rice (1.26 ± 0.26 g grain kg⁻¹ water) because the grain yields of aerobic rice were very low since they were subjected to water stress.The results of this investigation showed significant differences in energy balance and evapotranspiration between flooded and aerobic rice ecosystems. Aerobic rice is one of the promising water-saving technologies being developed to lower the water requirements of the rice crop to address the issues of water scarcity. This information should be taken into consideration in evaluating alternative water-saving technologies for environmentally sustainable rice production systems.     

吊篮式移栽机栽植器的研究

随着我国经济作物生产规模的迅速扩大,广大农区迫切需要移栽机械。吊篮式移栽机以其独特的优点在国内外得到了广泛的应用。目前,国内对吊篮式移栽机的研究尚不够深入,基本参数之间的关系和设计计算仍然是一个需要解决的关键问题。为此,初步进行了吊篮式移栽机栽植器的运动参数的研究,由吊篮式移栽机的运动轨迹建立了栽植器的运动方程,推导出特征系数λ的值;根据特征参数λ≥1是栽植器正常工作的必要条件这一经典理论,确立了移栽机在栽植过程中的技术要求和结构参数,建立了它们之间的内在联系,满足了移栽机的农艺要求。     

黑龙江西部旱作玉米水肥生产潜力试验研究

以氮肥、磷肥、补水量为试验因子,以玉米产量为指标,利用MINITAB15统计分析软件进行试验设计和数据分析,通过响应曲面法建立水肥相互作用对玉米产量影响的二次多项数学模型。利用模型的等值线图对影响玉米产量的关键因子及其相互作用进行了探讨,以玉米产量为响应值优化得出玉米生产潜力田间试验值的条件:氮肥为241.1 kg/hm2,磷肥为173.1 kg/hm2,补水量为108.3 m3/hm2,玉米田区生产潜力试验值为12 224 kg/hm2。     

水肥耦合对棉花产量、收益及水分利用效率的效应

研究滴灌施肥条件下水肥耦合对棉花籽棉产量、水分利用效率和净收益的影响,并运用多元二次回归与归一化及3种不同目标值组合方式相结合的方法,探索满足多目标综合效益最大化的滴灌水肥用量。采用田间试验的方法,于2012年和2013年棉花生长季,设置5个N-P2O5-K2O施肥水平150-60-30、200-80-40、250-100-50、300-120-60、350-140-70 kg/hm2(分别记为F150、F200、F250、F300、F350)和3个灌溉水平(60%ETC:W1、80%ETC:W2、100%ETC:W3,ETC是作物蒸发蒸腾量)。结果表明,籽棉产量、水分利用效率和净收益的水肥耦合效应明显,60%ETC灌水水平显著抑制籽棉产量并降低净收益,100%ETC灌水水平能够显著提高籽棉产量和净收益,但水分利用效率低于60%ETC灌水水平。2012年灌水量为100%ETC且施肥量300-120-60 kg/hm2(N-P2O5-K2O)时籽棉产量最高,但净收益并未增加,2 a灌水量为100%ETC且施肥量250-100-50 kg/hm2(N-P2O5-K2O)时的净收益最高。二次回归分析结果表明,3种组合方式均可用于水肥多目标优化,其中乘法组合方式2 a水肥投入量差异更小且各目标值变化也更小,2012年灌水量92%ETC、施肥量278-111-56 kg/hm2(N-P2O5-K2O)以及2013年灌水量90%ETC、施肥量268-107-53 kg/hm2(N-P2O5-K2O)可作为籽棉产量、水分利用效率和净收益综合效益最大化的水肥管理策略。     

华北典型区冬小麦区域耗水模拟与灌溉制度优化

以经校验Aquacrop模型模拟了不同土壤条件下冬小麦水分与产量响应关系,结合北京大兴区土壤分布及其冬小麦实际种植情况,对模型模拟结果进行区域尺度拓展,以此为基础分析了研究区不同灌溉制度下冬小麦耗水量、产量及水分生产率的变化规律,并推荐了与华北地区水资源实际情况相适宜的冬小麦亏缺灌溉制度。结果表明:应用Aquacrop模型能较好模拟冬小麦生育期内土壤墒情和冠层覆盖度的动态变化过程及其生物量与产量情况,可利用经校验后的模型进行冬小麦水分与产量响应关系研究。灌溉定额在300 mm范围内,随着灌溉量增加,耗水量增大;在灌水次数相同条件下,灌溉日期不同,因蒸腾量变化导致耗水量差异显著。在相同处理下总体上降水多年份产量较高,而不同处理之间随着灌溉量增加产量增大;在灌水次数相同情况下,灌溉关键生育时段选择对冬小麦产量形成及水分生产率提高至关重要。以冬小麦增产提效为原则,在灌1水情况下重点保障拔节-抽穗阶段的需水;灌2水情况下重点保障返青-拔节、抽穗-乳熟阶段需水;灌3水情况下重点保障返青-拔节、拔节-抽穗、抽穗-乳熟阶段需水。针对华北水资源严重短缺实际,建议北京大兴区冬小麦采用灌2水的亏缺灌溉制度,较灌4水情况下的灌溉量与耗水量分别减少140、65 mm,能确保75%产量。可见,在与华北类似的资源性缺水区域,选择适宜亏缺灌溉制度,能大幅降低区域灌溉量与耗水量,在稳定区域冬小麦产量及涵养地下水源方面具有重要的现实意义。     

北流市发展“双高一优”农业经验浅析

广西北流市从１９９０年起,调整和优化农业产业结构,仅用几年时间,就使全市的大农业初步形成“三区、八带、九大基地”与种养加、农工商、农科教、内外贸相结合的多产业配套综合经营发展的“双高一优”农业新格局。从１９９０年到１９９３年全市农村经济总收入由８．３亿元增长到３６．２６亿元,增长了３．４倍。农村经济第一产业与第二、第三产业的比重由７３．２：２６．８调整为５５．２：４４．８;农产品商品率由４９．７％提高到６０．５％。１９９３年粮食年平均公顷产量达到１５１５４．５ｋｇ,成为广西第一个“吨粮县（市）”,人均有粮达到４２０多公斤;农民人均纯收入１２１０．９２元。１９９２年、１９９３年均被评为农村经济实力十强县（市）。     

土壤容许流失量研究的进展与趋势

概述了国内外土壤容许流失量（Ｔ值）研究的历史、目前研究的现状和未来的发展趋势,对Ｔ值研究的主要内容如成土速度、土壤养分流失、泥沙淤积损失、土壤流失与土地生产力的关系、保护沟道侵蚀的重要性等做了讲述。介绍了Ｔ值的数学表达和不同国家的Ｔ值标准,阐述了进行Ｔ值双值性研究的必要性,并对Ｔ值研究中存在的问题进行了分析。     

Concurrent measurements of net mineralization, nitrification, denitrification and leaching from field incubated soil cores

An improved method is described for incubating intact soil cores in the field, which permits concurrent measurement of net mineralization, nitrification, denitrification and leaching. Cores were enclosed in PVC tubes with minimal disturbance to the physical state or to the natural cycles of wetting/drying, soil temperature and aeration during an incubation lasting 4–5 days. An example of the application of the method is given in which soils with contrasting drainage characteristics were compared. Over a 64-day experimental period, 58% of the mineralized nitrogen (N) in a freely drained soil was nitrified and 36% of the nitrate-N (NO₃ ^–-N) was denitrified. In a poorly drained soil, 72% of the mineralized N was nitrified and 63% of the NO₃ ^–-N was denitrified. In both soil types, 18% of the remaining NO₃ ^–-N was leached. Rates of nitrification were significantly correlated with net mineralization (r ²=0.41 and 0.52) and also closely correlated with denitrification (r ²=0.67 and 0.68) in the freely and poorly drained soils, respectively. Independent measurements of these processes, using alternative techniques (for the same period), compared favourably with measurements obtained with the improved incubation method. Adoption of this method has a number of advantages with respect to field net N mineralization, and also allows interpretation of the impact this may have on other N transformation processes. Received: 18 June 1997     

半干旱黄土区沙棘的水分生理生态与形态解剖学特性研究

1986～1997年在半干旱黄土区的陕西吴旗、安塞县和宁夏固原县,对沙棘进行了蒸腾、净初级生产量、土壤水分等生理生态和形态解剖学特性研究。试验结果表明:沙棘每生产lg地上干物质,总耗水量为711～829g,其中蒸腾耗水量为551～654g,该地区荒山植被生产lg地上干物质蒸腾耗水量为343～709g,总耗水量却达2540～4501g。水分利用效率为1.21～1.53g/（m²·mm）,是荒山植被的3.1～6.4倍。沙棘水分利用效率较高,水分生产潜力较大。观察沙棘叶、根具有耐大气干旱、耐高温和水湿的形态解剖学特性,说明沙棘有较强的生态适应性。因而在半干旱黄土区的荒山、荒沟,营造沙棘林,能有效利用水土资源,这是快速治理荒山,提高土地生产力的有效途径之一。     

紫色土退化旱地的肥力恢复与重建

常规耕作的水土流失造成紫色土坡耕地土层浅薄化、土壤养分贫瘠化、土壤干旱化及土壤结构劣化等土壤肥力退化问题。 1 984～ 1 996年长期田间试验结果表明 ,聚土免耕通过垄沟网状结构可保持水土 ,其多年平均径流与土壤侵蚀模数分别为 65 7.7m3hm- 2 和5 30 .0tkm- 2 ,而常规耕作的相应值分别为 1 75 4 .0m3hm- 2 和 31 2 2 .0tkm- 2 ,通过聚土与改土结合 ,聚土免耕活土层厚度平均增加 1 1 .8cm ,聚土免耕耕作技术还通过垄沟强化培肥降低土壤容重 ,增加土壤有机质及N、P、K含量 ,改善土壤理化性状 ,恢复土壤肥力。聚土免耕作物产量比平作高 1 5 %～ 30 %。 1 996～ 1 998年秸秆覆盖实验结果表明 ,秸秆覆盖增加土壤有机质和养分含量 ,改善并维持土壤结构。聚土免耕与秸秆覆盖结合有利于土壤养分活化、土壤结构形成与维护 ,是紫色土退化旱地肥力恢复与重建的关键技术。