放牧强度对新麦草土壤氮素分配及其季节动态的影响

通过不同放牧处理对新麦草人工草地土壤氮素分配及其在生长期间的动态研究。结果表明,０～３０ｃｍ土层全氮量月均值的顺序为对照〉重牧〉轻牧〉中牧（Ｐ〈０．０１）。放牧强度对铵未形成显著影响（Ｐ〉０．０５）。０～３０ｃｍ土层随着放牧强度的增加,硝态氮量逐渐增加。放牧区净可矿化氮量大于对照区,其中以中度放牧区最高。０～３０ｃｍ土层土壤微生物生物量氮的顺序为重牧〉对照〉中牧〉轻牧（Ｐ〈０．０５）。     

An evaluation of the net radiation sub-model in the ASCE standardized reference evapotranspiration equation: Implications for evapotranspiration prediction

Net radiation (R_n) is a key component of the surface energy balance, but it is expensive and difficult to measure accurately. For these reasons, R_n is often predicted in evapotranspiration (ET) calculations with a model requiring measurements of incoming shortwave radiation, air temperature, and vapor pressure. We compared R_n predictions from the R_n sub-model used in the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) standardized reference ET equation to mean R_n measurements from five 4-component reference net radiometers. The radiometers were part of a recent comparison study of multiple net radiometer models conducted over irrigated and clipped turfgrass in northern Utah (Blonquist et al., 2009). In the R_n model, net shortwave radiation is determined by direct measurement of solar radiation and an assumed value of albedo for the surface (0.23 for fully vegetated surfaces), and net longwave radiation is calculated with a Brunt (1932, 1952) approach for predicting net surface emissivity, calculated from near surface vapor pressure. Additionally, the ratio of measured incoming shortwave radiation to predicted clear-sky shortwave radiation is used as a surrogate variable for cloud cover in the net longwave radiation calculation. Relative to the reference R_n measurements (average of five 4-component net radiometers), modeled R_n was high during the day by an average of 8.6% and high in magnitude (more negative) at night by an average of 13.4% over hourly time intervals. Daily total R_n calculated by summing the hourly model predictions was always higher than the reference measurements, by an average of 8.1%, whereas daily total R_n calculated from the model over daily time intervals was closer to the reference measurements, 2% high on average. The model R_n error during the day was partly caused by the assumption in the model that surface albedo is a constant value of 0.23. Measurements showed albedo ranged from approximately 0.21 at solar noon to 0.30 near the beginning and end of the day, with a mean value of 0.23. However, most of the model R_n error was due to the prediction of net longwave radiation, where the empirical equation in the model typically yielded values that were too low in magnitude (less negative), by approximately 20% on average, but the error was dependent on time of day. The R_n error at night was largely caused by the inability to measure the surrogate for cloud cover at night, which relies on measurement of solar radiation from a previous time period of sufficient solar zenith angle. All five of the net radiometer models tested in the comparison study matched the mean of the reference net radiometers better than the ASCE model. When modeled hourly R_n was used to calculate ET over hourly time intervals, or when hourly ET values were summed to yield daily ET, ET was typically high, by 6% on average, relative to ET calculated from measured reference R_n. When modeled R_n was calculated over daily time intervals and used to calculate ET over daily time intervals, ET was more accurate, 1% high on average, relative to ET calculated over daily time intervals from measured reference R_n. While new models for R_n are being developed, the sub-model in the ASCE standardized reference ET equation has been in use for the past two decades in thousands of ET stations. As newer models are developed we hope to use this data set to evaluate them.     

Assessing grain crop water productivity of China using a hydro-model-coupled-statistics approach: Part I: Method development and validation

Identifying and quantifying the links between water resources and food production is crucial in addressing the intensified conflicts between water scarcity and food security. We proposed an integrated framework for quantifying relationships between food and water based on the concept of green water (GW), blue water (BW) and crop water productivity (CWP). An estimation method coupling hydrologic model and crop and water statistics was developed and validated to quantify basin-scale GW, BW and CWP in breadbasket basins of China. A basin-scale GW and BW assessment method was developed by using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Monthly-step calibration and validation were performed at 15 discharge flow stations in seven first-order river basins of the country. The coefficient of determination (r²) and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) in calibration stage ranged from 0.18 to 0.95, and −4.22 to 0.93, respectively; while in validation period, r² ranged from 0.02 to 0.97 and NSE ranged from −266.7 to 0.96. The simulated available soil water was validated against the observed soil moisture data, and the results showed that the model can reflect the yearly average values of soil water storage. Overall, the modeling performance for river basins with 4.94 million km² of drainage areas in total was acceptable. The simulated hydrologic components were then coupled with crop-and-water-statistics-based estimation method for assessing basin-scale CWP on four staple grain crops, i.e. rice, wheat, maize, and soybean. The results were validated by comparing with the similar investigations in China and around the globe. It was concluded that the overall performance of the estimation method was acceptable, and the method can be applied in assessing basin-scale GW, BW and CWP in China.     

Genotypic variation in water relations and gas exchange of urban trees in Detroit,Michigan, USA

Increasing tree species diversity has become a key underpinning for communities to improve resilience of urban and community forests. Increasingly, urban forestry researchers are examining physiological traits to aid in selecting trees for urban sites. Knowledge of physiological responses also has implications for understanding species’ resilience to increased stresses associated with climate change. Here, we compare growth, leaf SPAD chlorophyll index, water relations, and gas exchange of seven genotypes of shade trees planted in two locations in downtown Detroit, MI, USA. Genotypes included Redpointe® maple (Acer rubrum ‘Frank Jr.’), Flashfire® maple (Acer saccharum ‘JFS-Caddo2′), Pacific Sunset® maple (Acer truncatum x platanoides ‘Warrenred’), Emerald City® tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera ‘JFS-Oz’), Chanticleer® pear (Pyrus calleryana ‘Glen’s Form’), swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor), and Emerald Sunshine® elm (Ulmus propinqua ‘JFS-Bieberich’). Trees were planted in either Lafayette Plaisance Park (Park), a large urban greenspace, or on the median of St. Aubin Avenue (Median), a nearby major thoroughfare. Tree height growth and leaf SPAD index were higher for trees planted in the Park location than on the Median. However, genotypic variation was larger than the effects of location or the interaction of Genotype × Location for most traits. Across measurement dates, midday leaf water potential was lowest for Pyrus trees and highest for Ulmus and Liriodendron trees. Pyrus and Quercus trees had relatively high rates of net photosynthesis (A) and stomatal conductance (g_s) while Liriodendron, Acer saccharum, and Ulmus trees had low rates of A and g_s. Liriodendron trees closed their stomata rapidly as leaf water potential (Ψ_w) declined (isohydric response), while Pyrus and Quercus trees maintained g_s across a range of leaf Ψ_w (anisohydric response). Liriodendron trees also had the highest relative growth rates, suggesting that drought stress avoidance through isohydry is a viable drought tolerance mechanism in urban trees.     

沙尘胁迫对榅桲叶片光合和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以榅桲（Cydonia oblonga Mill）为研究材料,以无沙尘覆盖为对照（CK）,设置轻度沙尘胁迫（5mg·cm-2）和重度沙尘胁迫（12mg·cm?2）两个处理,并分别在处理第10、20、30和40天时,测定其叶片光合特性和荧光参数的变化。结果表明：沙尘处理下榅桲叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）均随处理时间的延长呈下降趋势,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）呈先升后降的变化趋势;最大光量子效率（Fv/Fm）在处理第10天显著下降,此后随处理时间的延长逐渐回升至与对照一致水平。最大荧光（Fm）、非光化学淬灭（NPQ_Lss）、PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv/Fo）、光化学反应淬灭（qP_Lss）随处理时间的延长整体均呈上升趋势,初始荧光（Fo）呈下降趋势。说明榅桲在沙尘胁迫处理前期受非气孔因素的影响较大,沙尘胁迫导致榅桲叶片PSⅡ原初光能转换效率较低,对榅桲产生光抑制,导致Pn下降。而在处理后期,榅桲叶片主要通过增加qP_Lss、Fm、NPQ_Lss等来增强PSⅡ电子传递能力,提高非辐射性热耗散来消耗过剩光能,保护光合机构。     

黑果枸杞光合作用日变化规律研究

以盆栽的黑果枸杞组培苗为材料,自然条件下用便携式光合-荧光测量系统GFS-3000对黑果枸杞光合作用进行测定,对影响其光合作用的生理因子和环境因子进行相关性分析。结果表明:黑果枸杞净光合速率的日变化在夏季表现为双峰曲线,有光合"午休"现象,日平均光合速率为10.27μmol/m~2·s;光补偿点(LCP)为41.31μmol/m~2·s,光饱和点(LSP)为1698.88μmol/m~2·s,表现出阳性植物特征,适合在光照充足的地区栽培;表观量子效率(AQY)为0.051,这说明黑果枸杞对光的利用率较高,有较强的光合能力。相关分析结果表明黑果枸杞的净光合速率(Pn)与光合有效辐射(PAR)、叶室温度(Tcu)、叶片温度(Tl)、大气温度(Ta)、气孔导度(Gs)及蒸腾速率(Tr)具有极显著正相关关系(p0.01),与空气CO_2浓度(Ca)显著正相关(p0.05),与胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)具有极显著负相关关系。     

杏李不同季节光合速率日变化研究

[目的]探讨不同生长季节杏李品种光合速率日变化规律,为干旱区杏李的丰产优质栽培提供理论依据.[方法]采用Li-6400XT便携式光合测定系统在5～8月测定不同杏李品种的光合生理参数,分析不同生长季节的光合速率日变化及品种间的光合作用特性和规律.[结果]杏李不同季节净光合速率(Pn)日变化曲线均呈“双峰”曲线,第一个峰值出现在10:00,第二个峰值出现在16:00.‘风味皇后’,‘恐龙蛋’,‘味厚’,‘味王’和‘味帝’均Pn日变化表现为7月份最大,分别为达13.75,14.76,12.96,13.3,11.9μmol/(m2·s),8月份Pn日变化最小,分别是9.78,10.71,12.02,10.43 μmol/(m2·s).‘恐龙蛋’的Pn总平均值最高,达12.65 mol/(m2·s),‘味王’的Pn总平均值最低,仅有11.31 μmol/(m2·s),其他品种居中.杏李的Pn值与Gs均呈极显着正相关关系(P＜0.01).[结论]杏李不同季节净光合速率日变化均呈不对称“双峰”型,有明显地光合“午休”现象.7月份的光合作用强度最强,8月份最弱,5、6月份居中.‘恐龙蛋’表现出较强的光合能力,‘味厚’次之,‘味王’的光合能力较弱,其他品种居中.杏李的Pn值与气孔导度(Gs)相关性最高.     

柔毛淫羊藿的光合特性及其对环境的适应性分析

[目的]探究柔毛淫羊藿的光合生理生长特性及其对移栽环境的适应性,为合理开发与人工种植柔毛淫羊藿提供参考依据。[方法]对移栽柔毛淫羊藿的光合生理特征进行测定,并分析其生理生长特性与移栽环境间的关系。[结果]叶绿素含量在移栽淫羊藿植株之间差异不显著;柔毛淫羊藿的净光合速率为1.68~3.39μmol CO2/(m2·s),净光合速率和气孔导度的日变化均呈双峰曲线。相关性分析表明,柔毛淫羊藿净光合速率与气孔导度、空气湿度、蒸腾速率呈显著正相关(P0.05),而其与水分利用效率呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。[结论]在柔毛淫羊藿的移栽种植中,可通过遮阴或雾灌等方法来解决移栽环境带来的影响。     

密度和空间布局种植方式对夏玉米穗位叶光合生理性状的影响

为探明夏玉米适宜种植方式的光合生理机制,采用裂区试验设计研究了种植密度(9.3万,8.1万,6.9万,5.7万株/hm~2)、空间布局(等行距1穴1株,等行距1穴3株和宽窄行1穴3株)以及它们的交互作用对夏玉米郑单958开花后不同生育时期(开花期、抽丝期、灌浆前期、灌浆后期和完熟期)净光合速率及其相关性状的影响。结果表明:宽窄行1穴3株能显著降低夏玉米开花期和完熟期穗位叶净光合速率,而8.1万株/hm~2密度下的净光合速率不受空间布局的影响;等行距1穴1株空间布局下,种植密度不会显著影响穗位叶净光合速率。种植密度、空间布局以及它们交互作用对类胡萝卜素含量影响显著。等行距1穴3株空间布局下,9.3万株/hm~2种植密度显著降低前3个观测时期类胡萝卜素含量,而6.9万株/hm~2在宽窄行1穴3株以及5.7万株/hm~2在等行距1穴1株空间布局下显著降低完熟期类胡萝卜素含量。种植密度、空间布局及其交互作用均对PSⅡ最大光化学效率无显著影响。综上可知,8.1万株/hm~2种植密度不受空间布局的显著影响,而等行距1穴1株空间布局不受种植密度的显著影响,均能保证夏玉米郑单958植株的净光合作用及其相关指标维持在较高水平。结果也为从光合物质基础和光合水分生理基础方面(色素含量、荧光特性、净光合速率和蒸腾速率)解释种植方式-光合产物源-产量库之间的关系提供了理论数据。     

Does accelerated soil organic matter decomposition in the presence of plants increase plant N availability?

Plant roots can increase microbial activity and soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition via rhizosphere priming effects. It is virtually unknown how differences in the priming effect among plant species and soil type affect N mineralization and plant uptake. In a greenhouse experiment, we tested whether priming effects caused by Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) grown in three different soil types increased plant available N. We measured primed C as the difference in soil-derived CO₂-C fluxes between planted and non-planted treatments. We calculated “excess plant available N” as the difference in plant available N (estimated from changes in soil inorganic N and plant N pools at the start and end of the experiment) between planted and non-planted treatments. Gross N mineralization at day 105 was significantly greater in the presence of plants across all treatments, while microbial N measured at the same time was not affected by plant presence. Gross N mineralization was significantly positively correlated to the rate of priming. Species effects on plant available N were not consistent among soil types. Plant available N in one soil type increased in the P. fremontii treatment but not in the P. ponderosa treatment, whereas in the other two soils, the effects of the two plant species were reversed. There was no relationship between the cumulative amount of primed C and excess plant available N during the first 107 days of the experiment when inorganic N was still abundant in all planted soils. However, during the second half of the experiment (days 108-398) when soil inorganic N in the planted treatments was depleted by plant N uptake, the cumulative amount of primed C was significantly positively correlated to excess plant available N. Primed C explained 78% of the variability in plant available N for five of the six plant-soil combinations. Excess plant available N could not be predicted from cumulative amount of primed C in one species-soil type combination. Possibly, greater microbial N immobilization due to large inputs of rhizodeposits with low N concentration may have reduced plant available N or we may have underestimated plant available N in this treatment because of N loss through root exudation and death. We conclude that soil N availability cannot be determined by soil properties alone, but that is strongly influenced by root-soil interactions.