Washington Update

Opportunities and change continue to occur at an accelerating rate. The exotic Newcastle disease (END) crisis in the traditional commercial industry led to a related problem for game bird producers due to confusion in defining a game bird, which is also a commercial venture. Time spent planning rather than reacting to situations is often a luxury but must be moved to a higher priority. One example is the Triennial Extension Workshop, which is proposed to become a biennial event. We continue to develop and implement innovative programs based on relevance to animal agriculture and societal requirements. As a team, we have achieved an excellent synergy and impressive results through our cooperation and networking. A special award is provided to an extension person each year to ensure contributions are recognized that might otherwise be overlooked. The Texture Technologies Corporation Support Personnel Award is new this year and recognizes the essential contributions of farm, laboratory, and other personnel. Also, the American Poultry Historical Society (APHS) continues to recognize career contributions to the poultry system through the Hall of Fame. As always, anyone wishing to be part of program planning and development is welcome. If you are not called, take the initiative and volunteer.     

Experimental infection with Toxocara cati in BALB/c mice, migratory behaviour and pathological changes

Experimental inoculations of 1000 Toxocara cati larval eggs were carried out in 18 BALB/c mice. The T. cati eggs used for inoculation were collected from the faeces of naturally infected cats. Euthanasia was performed on two mice on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 14, 21 and 28 post-inoculation (p.i.). Tissue samples were taken for digestion and histopathology. Larvae were recovered from all infected mice and the average of all larvae recovered was 28.3% (95%; CI: 14.1-42.4). Maximum number was obtained from liver on days 1 and 2 p.i.; from the lung on day 2 p.i. and from the brain on day 28 p.i. In muscle, the recovery was high as from day 3 p.i., with the maximum obtained on day 28 p.i. Superficial foci of congestion and haemorrhage were macroscopically observed in the lungs between days 2 and 5 p.i. and in the brain between days 3 and 6 p.i. Microscopic lesions were observed in the liver between days 2 and 14 p.i., with periportal and subcapsule inflammatory infiltrates. In the lungs, haemorrhages and inflammatory infiltrates can be observed in the alveolar parenchyma, close to bronchioles and large blood vessels. In the brain, congestive areas without inflammatory reactions were seen. In muscle, the presence of inflammatory infiltrates and degenerated muscle can be observed surrounding a parasite larva. These same lesions were observed in myocardium and pericardium. The kidneys were congested with inflammatory infiltrates. The inflammatory cells present in all the tissues studied were lymphocytes, neutrophils and a few eosinophils. Formation of granulomas or signs of larva encapsulation were not observed. The migratory pattern of T. cati larvae in BALB/c mice and its tendency to become concentrated in the muscle reinforce the importance of the mouse as a paratenic host for the parasite's cycle in the environment.     

青海野生鸟类禽流感监测防控亟待关注解决的问题

近年来,青藏高原迁徙的野生鸟类不断发生高致病禽流感疫病,给生态安全和人们的健康带来了极大的威胁。如何面对和做好野生鸟类的疫源疫病监测与防控,本文通过青海省发生和开展的防控工作情况,就面临和亟待解决的问题,提出对策建议。     

海兰（褐）父母代种鸡引入青海高寒地区的饲养试验

对从山东引入青海高寒地区的海兰（褐）父母代鸡进行了饲养试验。结果表明,引入鸡32周龄最高产蛋率达78%,25周龄后种蛋受精率达88%,入孵蛋的孵化率达75%,母鸡1～18周龄成活率为94%,19～60周龄成活率为92%。引入鸡的各项指标基本达到山东标准。     

燕窝蛋白质样品制备方法的比较及其双向电泳分析

燕窝水提及丙酮沉淀蛋白质经液相等电聚焦电泳纯化后,再经双向电泳分离获得了质量较佳的2-DE图谱,由此可见液相等电聚焦电泳是对燕窝蛋白质进行纯化的有效手段。对纯化后的2个白燕窝和1个血燕窝水提及丙酮沉淀蛋白质进行了双向电泳分析,结果显示两种方法制备蛋白质获得的2-DE图谱非常相似。燕窝水提蛋白质经丙酮沉淀制备样品时间较透析、冻干所需的时间短,这对于成分更为复杂且蛋白质提取率较低的血燕窝则更为适用。     

千岛湖鸟类多样性及其季节变化

从2006年9月至2007年8月,对千岛湖的鸟类进行了调查研究,共发现鸟类6 435只,86种,隶属13目32科,其中,国家二级保护物种6种,属古北界的有36种(占41.9%),东洋界39种(占45.3%),广布种11种(占12.8%).从居留类型看,千岛湖的迁徙鸟较多(46种),留鸟较少(40种),各占总数的53.5%和46.5%.千岛湖拥有优良的自然环境条件,其中,水鸟有28种,林鸟58种,各占32.6%和67.4%.千岛湖鸟类呈周期性波动特征.在10月,丰富度和多样性指数值最高,优势度指数最低,因此,千岛湖鸟类多样性状况以10月(即候鸟迁徙的高峰期)最好,说明千岛湖是候鸟迁移途中的-个重要驿站.千岛湖全部鸟类物种平均密度为20.785只/km~2,秋季最高,达到43.40只/km~2,种数达到69种;春季最低,仅有9.30只/km~2,种数为37种.而且,优势种有5种,占总鸟类物种的5.8%;常见种有17种,占19.8%;少见种有36种,占41.9%;罕见种有28种,占32.5%.说明千岛湖鸟类中,有生存危险的物种百分比较高,需要加强保护与管理.     

商品肉鸡H5N1 Re-1株免疫效果监测

利用禽流感Re-1株灭活疫苗分别在肉雏鸡群1日龄和5日龄首免,二次免疫时间在12日龄,利用HA-HI试验,检测肉仔鸡在出栏前不同时期的免疫抗体水平。实验表明,肉仔鸡12日龄以前,受到母源抗体的影响,HI水平较高,而26～46日龄,免疫抗体水平较低,证明肉鸡一直到出栏前,禽流感免疫抗体都不合格。     

ALV-J相关的鸡急性纤维肉瘤发病模型的建立

【目的】证明纤维肉瘤病料中含有的ALV-J相关病毒能够诱发急性纤维肉瘤。【方法】将含ALV-J相关病毒的病料过滤液经不同部位接种1日龄817肉杂鸡;将该过滤液不同倍数稀释后接种1日龄SPF鸡和817肉杂鸡;将该过滤液接种细胞培养后的上清液接种1日龄817肉杂鸡,连续动态观测30 d。【结果】颈部皮下、胸肌、腹腔3个部位攻毒鸡的肿瘤发生率分别为100%（20/20）、95.2%（20/21）、100%（20/20）。病料过滤液未经稀释接种817肉杂鸡和SPF鸡的肿瘤发生率均为100%（10/10）,10倍稀释后攻毒鸡的肿瘤发生率分别为80%（8/10）和100%（10/10）,100倍稀释后攻毒鸡的肿瘤发生率分别为100%（10/10）和80%（8/10）,1 000倍稀释后攻毒鸡的肿瘤发生率分别为40%（4/10）和50%（5/10）,更高倍数稀释后攻毒鸡没有肿瘤发生。接种病料的细胞培养上清也能使33.3%（2/6）的鸡只发生肉瘤。病理组织学检测显示：诱发的急性肿瘤系典型的纤维肉瘤。【结论】817肉杂鸡肉瘤病料中含有ALV-J相关的急性致肿瘤病毒,不论是病料过滤液本身还是其接种DF-1细胞培养后的上清液都能在不同品种鸡复制出急性纤维肉瘤,最快在接种后7 d出现,且肿瘤发生的时间、动态和肿瘤发生率与接种量密切相关。     

云南大理机场鸟类调查及鸟撞防治对策

为获得云南大理机场鸟撞预防所需的基础性生态资料,将大理机场净空范围内的地面投影区域分为果园苗圃、工厂、村落、林地、水域、农地、荒山7种类型生境,2010年春、夏、秋、冬季分4次对这7种生境的鸟类种类和数量进行调查,同时收集栖息地植被与昆虫群落特征。根据鸟类体型、飞行高度、群体数量以及遇见频次等信息综合分析各种鸟类对航空飞行的威胁程度。结果表明：大理机场及其周边共有鸟类81种,隶属于12目31科,其中有严重威胁鸟类6种、有威胁的14种和无威胁的61种;从地形、生境、季节、食源等方面对威胁鸟种进行分析,并依此提出大理机场鸟撞防治对策。