Cardiovascular tolerance of intravenous lidocaine in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) anesthetized with isoflurane

ObjectiveTo determine the cardiovascular effects of lidocaine infused intravenously (IV) in broiler chickens.Study designTwo phase study: Phase 1, randomized up-and-down study to determine effective dose 50 (ED₅₀) for lidocaine; Phase 2, prospective randomized study to determine the cardiovascular effects of lidocaine.AnimalsSeventeen Ross-708 broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) [11 chickens (Phase 1) and 6 chickens (Phase 2)], weighing 2.6–4.3 kg.MethodsAfter induction of anesthesia with isoflurane and placement of monitoring equipment including invasive blood pressure, chickens were administered lidocaine IV. During Phase 1, using an up-and-down design, each animal received a variable dose selected based on the response of the previous animal. During Phase 2, each animal was administered 6 mg kg⁻¹ of lidocaine IV over 2 minutes. Clinically irrelevant cardiovascular effects were defined as a relative decrease of heart rate (HR) and mean blood pressure (MAP) <30% subsequent to IV lidocaine administration. The ED₅₀ was defined as the dose rate that would cause clinically irrelevant cardiovascular depression in 50% of the population.ResultsDuring Phase 1, using an up-and-down study design (n = 11), the ED₅₀ of lidocaine was determined to be 6.30 mg kg⁻¹ and 6.22 mg kg⁻¹ (95% confidence interval, 5.30–7.13 mg kg⁻¹), when calculated by Dixon's up-and-down method, and logistic regression, respectively. During Phase 2, following infusion of lidocaine (6 mg kg⁻¹), no clinically relevant effects on HR or MAP were detected in any animal.Conclusions and clinical relevancePrevious reports state that the dose of lidocaine used in birds should be =4 mg kg⁻¹. In this study, 6 mg kg⁻¹ of lidocaine injected IV was not associated with adverse cardiovascular effects. These results suggest that the dose of 4 mg kg⁻¹ can be exceeded, at least in chickens, and opens the possibility of other therapeutic uses for lidocaine in birds.     

北京西山地区大山雀与其它鸟类种群种间联结分析

引入2*2列联表联结指数法,用固定样带法月连续全天定位调查数据,以森林鸟类广布种山雀科大山雀(Parus major)为目标种,研究了北京西山地区该种与留鸟、夏候鸟、冬候鸟、旅鸟的种间联结关系,结合前人关于营巢行为、取食行为、生态位等方面成果分析了产生联结的原因,首次确立了鸟类群落种间联结的研究方法。结果表明： （1）用固定样带法月连续全天定位调查,引入2*2列联表以日尺度的定性数据检验与测定联结度,与月尺度的联结频率结合起来,分析鸟类群落的种间联结是可行的;鸟类群落的种间联结具有时间与空间尺度的双重属性,鸟类群落的种间联结度不仅是鸟类群落时空结构与格局的表征,同时,反映了鸟类群落的动态性,而且,鸟类群落的种间联结对栖息的植物群落具有依赖性与关联性。 （2）日尺度上,选择χ2统计量、PCC与PC指数相结合进行种间联结检验、测度,能充分反映鸟类群落的种间联结特征,但由于鸟类的居留、繁殖、迁移等季节动态性特征,种间联结度存有不确定性。 （3）月尺度上,鸟类总体种间联结8月份为显著负联结,其余各月为显著正联结;根据PCC联结度的月联结频率,可将鸟类划分为正联结组、正负联结均较弱组、负联结组;大山雀与留鸟、夏候鸟、冬候鸟、旅鸟等不同居留型的联结关系,随着种数的减少,显著联结种对、联结度、联结复杂程度呈递减趋势。大山雀与留鸟的联结：与鸦科鸟类呈明显正联结,与同科鸟类呈正负均等的弱联结并趋于负联结,与体型较大的雉、啄木鸟、乌鸦等鸟类呈负联结。大山雀与夏候鸟的联结：与杜鹃科四声杜鹃呈正联结,与同科的黄腹山雀、鹟科的白眉姬正负联结均较弱,与莺科的黄腰柳莺、鸫科的北红尾鸲等呈负联结。大山雀与冬候鸟的联结：与岩鹨科棕眉山岩鹨的正负联结均较弱,与鸫科的斑鸫、鹀科多种鸟类呈明显的负联结。大山雀与旅鸟的联结：与莺科鸟类由正负联结均较弱到明显的负联结。     

油菜雄性不育分子机理的研究进展

从细胞核雄性不育、细胞质雄性不育以及细胞器基因组与细胞质雄性不育的关系三个方面综述了油菜雄性不育分子机理的研究进展．线粒体基因组通过重排产生具有新功能的嵌合基因（开放阅读框架）或改变其下游紧接着基因的表达模式、功能，引起油菜细胞质雄性不育．花药特异基因表达或结构的改变引起油菜细胞核雄性不育．     

麦田瓢田消长趋势的调查

在麦田对瓢虫消长趋势进行了初步调查。结果表明从3月上中旬瓢虫在麦田开始出现到麦收期间共有4次发生高峰，以第4次高峰数量最多，瓢虫分布受蚜虫影响，消长趋势与其食料-麦蚜呈正相关。化学药剂对其有伤害作用。     

北京静福寺侧柏古树林鸟类群落多样性研究

2011 年4 月至2012 年4 月,采用固定样带法对北京静福寺侧柏古树林区的侧柏古树林、针阔混交林和落叶 阔叶林3 种林型进行鸟类群落调查。共记录到鸟类65 种,隶属8 目27 科,留鸟28 种,夏候鸟23 种,冬候鸟5 种, 旅鸟9 种,国家域级重点保护鸟类4 种;鸟类区系组成以古北界种类为主,共44 种(占67.69%),东洋界鸟类9 种 (占13.85%),广布种12 种(占18.46%);优势种为大山雀、喜鹊、灰喜鹊、大嘴乌鸦和红嘴蓝鹊。调查结果显示:3 种林型鸟类种类、数量与多样性指数变化不一致,其中侧柏古树林的鸟类种类和数量最少,落叶阔叶林鸟类种类和 数量最多;而侧柏古树林多样性指数、均匀度指数最低,但优势度指数最大;落叶阔叶林的鸟类多样性指数最高,针 阔混交林的均匀度指数最高。调查结果反映出侧柏古树林鸟类分布最均匀,鸟类优势现象最明显。不同林型鸟类 食物功能团组成不一致,其中侧柏古树林鸟类包括4 种食物功能团,针阔混交林鸟类包括5 种食物功能团,落叶阔 叶林包括6 种食物功能团,反映出鸟类对不同林型生境的适应性。      

早成性专性寄生鸟类黑头鸭的宿主利用模式:生态与进化(英文)

黑头鸭(Heteronetta atricapilla)是鸟类专性巢寄生中唯一的早成性鸟类,其雏鸟孵出后即离开巢,不再需要宿主的哺育。因此可以预期,这一寄生系统与其他的巢寄生鸟类不同,它们应该能利用较多的宿主,繁殖成效也较高。基于在阿根廷4年的研究,我们对黑头鸭的宿主利用模式有了较清晰的认识。在野外我们没有发现黑头鸭自己筑巢的证据,这进一步证实黑头鸭是专性寄生繁殖鸟类。与预期相反的是,黑头鸭仅寄生很少的宿主,包括广泛分布和数量较多的2种骨顶鸡和1种鸥类,其他的宿主很少被利用,要么因为不常见,或因为它们逃避黑头鸭。在这3种主要的宿主中,黑头鸭卵的孵化成功率也由于宿主拒绝或忽略而相当低(≤ 28%),而3种宿主由于捕食而导致的死亡率并不高。这与Weller以往仅1年的观察结果吻合。我们的研究与以往关于黑头鸭巢寄生进化的假说不同,其所利用的宿主种类不多,孵化成功率较低。这表明,古澳大利亚大陆湿地的高捕食压力,以及宿主较强的护巢行为和较高的营巢成功率,在黑头鸭寄生繁殖的进化中扮演着重要角色。     

Adaptation of ostriches to transport‐induced stress: Physiometabolic response

This study assessed the effects of five different transport periods on physiometabolic responses and gas exchange in ostriches. It included 138 ostriches that were assigned to five experimental groups. G₁ included 78 birds that were set aside as a reference group (RG). Each one of the four remaining experimental groups included 20 ostriches, which were transported in the following manner: G₁ on one occasion for a period of 1 h; G₂ on one occasion for 2 h; and G₃ on one occasion for 3 h; G_4a was made up of the ostriches from G₁ but they were shipped on a second occasion, for 2 h (making a total of 3 h); finally, G_4b was that same group, but after a third transport period, on this occasion during 3 h (for a total of 6 h). Groups G₂ and G₃ presented the most marked blood alterations (P < 0.05), including an increase in pH, hypocapnia (27.8 ± 0.80 mmHg), hypernatremia (171.75 ± 1.84 mmol/L), hypocalcemia (0.95 ± 0.03 mmol/L), and hyperglycemia (224.05 ± 3.94 mg/dL). Also, group G₃ presented the lowest hematocrit values (26.5 ± 0.47 HTC%). Therefore, transporting ostriches with no prior experience for 3 h caused the most pronounced physiometabolic changes.     

A Method for Baiting Corticium rolfsii and of Estimating the Sclerotial Population in Soil

Abstract

The use of tissue blocks of Xanthosoma sagittifolim for baiting Corticium rolfsii from soil is described. The baiting technique has been found efficient for gross estimation of the viable sclerotial content of air-dried soil. The results obtained by this method compare well with those determined by the sieving technique of Rodriguez-Kabana et al.     

Economic weed control with grass carp

Abstract

Conventional methods of aquatic weed control meet increasing objections on economic and/or environmental grounds. An alternative approach is the use of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.), a herbivorous fish. This biological method has mainly been used in Europe and the USA, but since 1976 an Egyptian‐Dutch project has studied the potential of this approach for the Egyptian irrigation systems. All aspects of the production and use of grass carp have been studied and evaluated, Egyptian personnel have been trained, a large‐scale breeding station has been established and practical use of the technique has begun. The programme has shown that a stocked grass carp population not only provides effective weed control, but it also increases the protein production in Egyptian waterways substantially. If managed well, this production can provide continuous revenues that far outweigh the costs of weed control. The necessary management techniques developed are mainly based on yearly restocking with grass carp and cooperation between irrigation authorities and professional fishermen. The experience described in this paper will be of interest to many other countries.     

静态景观格局的生态过程动态化研究——以贵州草海珍稀鸟类栖息地为例

景观格局与生态过程之间关系的研究必须将静态景观格局的生态过程动态化。文中案例中的静态景观格局是湿地格局,所针对的特定的生态过程主要是退耕还湿的生态恢复过程。通过案例研究,得出2条具有普遍意义的结论:一是管理与监测在过程研究中是必要的;二是景观格局与生态过程关系的研究应该持续不断地反复分析和适时调整。