Soil properties and the macrofauna community in abandoned irrigated rice fields of northeastern Argentina

This study compared soil physical, chemical, and biological characteristics between natural grassland and recently abandoned rice fields in order to identify those variables that might explain the observed increase of Camponotus punctulatus anthills in abandoned rice paddy fields from Northern Argentina. Mainly due to a reduction of macropores and mesopores, overall porosity decreased by around 6% and bulk density was about 7% greater, in the 0- to 10- and 10- to 20-cm layers of the abandoned rice fields. Carbon and nitrogen content from organic matter increased (29% and 41% respectively for the 0- to 20-cm horizon) during cultivation but decreased (38% and 24%) 2 years after the last rice harvest. Forty percent of natural grassland-organic matter and 30% of abandoned rice-organic matter mineralized in less than 2 years. There was a different community structure between the abandoned rice fields and the undisturbed natural grassland and only a 20.6% (i.e. only 19 species from a total of 92) overlap in species composition. The abundance of macrofauna was greater in abandoned rice fields (2,208 individuals m^–2) in comparison to natural grasslands (288 ind m^–2) due to higher densities of small earthworms and Camponotus punctulatus ants; however, the Shannon index showed lower values in comparison to natural grasslands. Earthworms and C. punctulatus in the abandoned rice fields showed a change in their ¹³C signature indicating a switch in diet from natural grassland organic matter (C4) to organic matter from rice (C3). Our results indicate that the effects of rice cultivation practices did not seem to produce any physical or trophic limitations to recolonization by the macrofauna. It seems that changes in overall soil conditions have favored a change in the construction behavior of C. punctulatus which, in combination with population increases, could explain the explosion in number of anthills.     

早期疏花对梨果实早期发育影响

以金花梨、早酥梨、线穗梨、金秋梨四个大果型梨品种为试材,在不同时期,采用不同距离疏花,研究了它们的果实早期发育的特点。结果表明:早期疏花幼果细胞数增多;果实体积与细胞数、细胞大小呈正相关。疏花时期与疏花距离的最佳组合为:花序分离期,间距25～30cm。     

C and N natural abundance of the soil microbial biomass

Stable isotope analysis is a powerful tool in the study of soil organic matter formation. It is often observed that more decomposed soil organic matter is ¹³C, and especially ¹⁵N-enriched relative to fresh litter and recent organic matter. We investigated whether this shift in isotope composition relates to the isotope composition of the microbial biomass, an important source for soil organic matter. We developed a new approach to determine the natural abundance C and N isotope composition of the microbial biomass across a broad range of soil types, vegetation, and climates. We found consistently that the soil microbial biomass was ¹⁵N-enriched relative to the total (3.2 ‰) and extractable N pools (3.7 ‰), and ¹³C-enriched relative to the extractable C pool (2.5 ‰). The microbial biomass was also ¹³C-enriched relative to total C for soils that exhibited a C3-plant signature (1.6 ‰), but ¹³C-depleted for soils with a C4 signature (−1.1 ‰). The latter was probably associated with an increase of annual C3 forbs in C4 grasslands after an extreme drought. These findings are in agreement with the proposed contribution of microbial products to the stabilized soil organic matter and may help explain the shift in isotope composition during soil organic matter formation.     

广西十万大山自然保护区外来植物的初步研究

十万大山地处北热带山地,有着丰富的生物多样性,但定居的外来种在不断增多,有的外来种成了入侵种,如飞机草等,给该自然保护区带来了严重威胁。通过实地调查以及查证文献,全面整理了十万大山国家级自然保护区的外来植物,并分析了外来种的类型、原产地、引种原因及引入途径,确认：①迄今为止共计99种（含亚种）外来植物,隶属于38科83属,其中菊科最多（10种）,占10．1％,其次为禾本科（6种）,占6．1％;②栽培种56种,逸生种20种,入侵种23种,分别占56．6％、20．2％和23．2％;③外来植物的原产地主要是热带美洲（有54种,占54．5％）,其次是印度（10种）、非洲（9种）和地中海地区（7种）;④人为有意引入有87种,占87．9％。最后对保护区内外来植物的危害预测和防治策略做了分析。     

鹤峰县天保工程建设成效定量分析

天保工程建设是生态环境建设的重要措施,是人与自然和谐发展的重要基础。我们对鹤峰实施天保工程以后,森林资源变化情况、水土流失变化情况等重要生态环境因子进行了详细调查,并与天保工程实施前比较,结果表明:5年来,鹤峰县天保工程建设取得了阶段性成效,生态、经济、社会三大效益显著,折算总效益784 959.90万元。     

室内自然景观对室内环境调节、净化的作用

主要针对公共场所(酒店餐饮空间)的室内温度、相对湿度、CO2体积分数、甲醛(HCHO)和总挥发性有机物(TVOC)质量浓度等5个室内空气质量的重要参数进行了检测和分析。结果表明,设有植物、水景等自然景观的室内,其5项空气指标均明显优于不设自然景观的室内空间。由此说明,自然景观对室内环境具有显著的调节、净化等生态作用。     

疏花对无核荔枝果实和树体营养的影响

为了研究疏花对无核荔枝果实和树体营养的影响,以不疏花为对照,在初花期对其进行疏花处理,统计疏花量、记录果实发育情况及成熟日期,并测定果实成熟时的品质和整个过程中树体叶片营养变化情况。据统计,每株树的平均疏花量达到80%-90%左右,疏掉的小穗数、支穗数和侧穗数分别为89.81%、89.74%、81.82%。试验结果表明,疏花使无核荔枝的果实发育情况及果实成熟时的可食率、单果重、总糖、维生素C、还原糖均高于对照;果实成熟时,平均单株产量提高70.59%;疏花处理的果实成熟期较对照提前7天左右;该过程中树体叶片N、P、K、S、Ca、Mg含量在前期高于而后期稍低于对照。疏花加快了无核荔枝果实生长发育,并提高了果实的产量和品质。     

数字林业在天然林保护工程中的应用研究

本文阐述了数字林业的概念及涵义,指出其最初的切入点是国家林业局提出的六大林业生态工程。针对天然林保护工程的现状,提出用数字林业技术解决其存在的问题,构建了基于3S技术的天然林保护工程管理地理信息系统,使天然林保护工程的管理步入规范化、科学化、现代化的轨道。     

间伐对秦岭南坡锐齿栎林土壤腐殖质及微生物的影响

【目的】以秦岭南坡锐齿栎林为研究对象,探讨间伐对锐齿栎林地土壤腐殖质及土壤微生物的影响,为秦岭林区锐齿栎林抚育经营提供理论依据。【方法】2012年3月,在秦岭南坡陕西省宁东林业局沙沟林场林地阳坡的中下部选择生长状况接近、林分密度基本一致的锐齿栎天然次生林,设置锐齿栎天然次生林样地12块,间伐强度分别为林分蓄积量的0(CK)、5%(T1)、10%(T2)、15%(T3)、20%(T4)和25%(T5),2018年7月采集0～30 cm土层土样,测定土壤腐殖质及其组分(胡敏酸、富啡酸和胡敏素)含量以及土壤微生物(细菌、真菌、放线菌)数量,并分析土壤胡敏酸、富啡酸和胡敏素含量与细菌、真菌、放线菌数量的相关性。【结果】(1)间伐6年后,在0～30 cm土层,各间伐强度处理土壤腐殖质含量平均值均大于CK,且T1处理的土壤腐殖质含量最高,为(60.78±10.53) g/kg。各间伐强度下土壤胡敏酸含量平均值较CK均有明显减少,不同处理土壤胡敏酸含量平均值由大到小依次为CKT4T3T5T2T1。除T3处理外,其余间伐强度处理土壤富啡酸含量平均值均高于CK,富啡酸含量平均值由大到小依次为T2T1T5T4CKT3。与CK相比,除T1处理外,其余各间伐强度处理土壤胡敏素含量平均值均增加,各间伐强度处理土壤胡敏素含量平均值由大到小依次为T2T3T4T5CKT1。(2)不同间伐强度下土壤胡敏酸/腐殖酸含量比值(PQ)由大到小依次为CK15%20%25%10%5%。(3)间伐6年后,在0～30 cm土层,土壤微生物总量随着间伐强度的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势,微生物总量在间伐强度为10%时达到最高;土壤细菌、放线菌数量在间伐强度为5%～10%时较高,真菌数量在间伐强度为15%～20%时较高。(4)土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均与土壤胡敏酸、胡敏素含量呈极显著正相关,土壤真菌数量与富啡酸含量呈显著正相关。【结论】土壤微生物各种群数量可以显著影响土壤腐殖质的积累,合理的抚育间伐可以显著增加土壤腐殖质含量及微生物数量,选择10%～15%的间伐强度作为提高林地土壤腐殖质的参考指标较为合理。     

金农糖橘的特征特性及配套栽培技术

金农糖橘是柑橘新品种,肉质脆嫩,汁多味浓甜,有香味、口感好、品质极优。该品种果实挂树期长,采摘上市时间弹性大,耐贮藏,市场发展前景好。本文概述了金农糖橘的特征特性,并分别从肥水管理、花果管理、病虫害防治等几个方面总结了该品种的栽培管理措施,以期为金农糖橘的品种推广提供依据。