Effects of land ownership and landscape-level factors on rare-species richness in natural areas of southern Ontario,Canada

Surprisingly few studies have considered the extent to which the nature of the ownership of land is associated with differences in biodiversity. We analysed ownership and other landscape-level effects on rare-species richness for both globally- and regionally-rare biota (including birds, herpetofauna, butterflies, mammals, and plants) in 289 designated natural areas (NAs) in southern Ontario, Canada. Information about each NA −including area, number of plant communities, ownership status and details of species diversity were collected from published sources. Length of perimeter of NA, relative isolation, and an estimate of fragmentation were measured using image analysis and GIS techniques. NAs were in general relatively small, with mean area of 158 ha (median 85 ha, range from 0.9 to 1278 ha) for private NAs; public NAs had mean area of 132 ha (median 16 ha, range from 0.1 to 1481 ha). Mean number of plant communities was 4.6 (median 4, range 1- 13) at private NAs and 3.8 (median 3, range 1-16) at public NAs. Our results show that, of several landscape-level factors, area had the greatest effects on rare-species richness and other biotic indices. Effects of area were followed by effects of plant community diversity, however this was itself significantly affected by area and the extent of perimeter of the NA. Both these factors were followed by effects of ownership of the NA and by effects of isolation of the NA (represented by minimum distance to nearest NA and by number of NAs in 10 km radius). Other landscape- level factors did not appear to have overall significant effects. Variation in area accounted for 0.1% to 29% of variation in number of rare species, with lower values for globally-rare, than for regionally-rare taxa. For all biotic groups, public ownership of NAs was associated with significantly greater rare-species richness compared to private ownership, even after other factors such as area were controlled. For all globally-rare biota except butterflies, area of NA had greater effects on rare-species richness than did ownership. Richness of regionally- rare birds was more affected by plant community diversity than by area of NA. Number of recorded plant communities accounted from 2.1% of variation in number of globally-rare plant species to as high as 31% of variation in regionally-rare butterflies. The diversity of plant communities was itself influenced by total site area (accounting for 45% of variation), extent of elongation of the NA, and both external- and interior- edge perimeters. Public NAs had greatest numbers of rare biota and so should be a significant focus for conservation programs. Smaller, privately-owned patches of natural area dominate (by number and area) in this densely populated region and their significance should not be overlooked. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

兴隆山自然保护区华北珍珠梅物候期对水热条件的响应

华北珍珠梅(Sorbaria kirilowii)为蔷薇科珍珠梅属植物,具有抗病虫害等生态价值,是兴隆山自然保护区内主要的灌木种。本研究通过对甘肃省兴隆山国家级自然保护区内华北珍珠梅2004-2007年及2012-2015年9种物候特征的观察,分析了华北珍珠梅各物候期的变化趋势以及各物候期与月平均气温和月降水量的相关关系。结果表明,华北珍珠梅的春季物候期多数呈现推迟趋势,而秋季物候期主要呈现提前趋势,整个生长季的时间每年缩短达15.49d。华北珍珠梅物候期的变化趋势与月平均气温和月降水量具有密切的相关关系,其中开花期和果实膨大期与4月份的平均气温间呈显著的负相关关系(P0.05),发芽期与2月份降水量,抽枝期与5月份降水量以及果实膨大期与7月份降水量均呈显著负相关关系(P0.05),而果实成熟期与10月份降水量呈显著的正相关关系(P0.05)。因此,受水热条件影响的华北珍珠梅生长季的缩短不仅会降低其生长繁殖,也会减少灌木层的郁闭度,不利于生活在灌木层的动物,如濒危物种马麝(Moschus sifanicus)等的栖息。     

广东长潭省级自然保护区次生针阔混交林群落优势种群结构特征研究

基于UTM公里网格方法划分的66个网格,分析了长潭自然保护区次生针阔混交群落优势种群的结构特征,结果表明：（1）6600 m^2的次生针阔混交群落共计6 081株活立木,隶属于135种乔木树种,其中以杉木、马尾松、木荷、千年桐、山乌桕、毛竹、黄樟、藜蒴、青皮竹、枫香、罗浮柿、石栎等12种为优势树种。（2）12种优势树种的径级结构呈3种类型。木荷、枫香、千年桐、黄樟、藜蒴、罗浮柿和石栎等径级分布呈＂L＂增长型种群;杉木和马尾松因受人为种植和采伐影响,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级数量丰富,Ⅳ级数量迅速减少;而毛竹和青皮竹则受人为挖取竹笋的影响,Ⅰ级数量较少。（3）除山乌桕Ⅳ级为随机分布外,其他11种优势种均为群集分布,群集程度随径级增加,变化趋势不明显,反映了人为干扰成为影响长潭自然保护区次生针阔混交群落优势种群结构特征的重要因子。     

观光木杉木混交林水文特征研究

对观光木杉木混交林和杉木纯林的林分持水量、土壤渗透性能、贮水性能等水文效益的研究结果表明：各混交林的林分涵养水源能力均优于杉木纯林,其中以观光木杉木行间混交最好,地上部分持水量３２．９５ｔ／ｈｍ２,０～４０ｃｍ土层最大贮水量１３０．２６ｍｍ．     

江淮丘陵和黄河故道不同施肥处理葡萄园葡萄十星叶甲Oides decempunctata与其天敌的关系

在运用葡萄丰产栽培措施的同时,为合理保护和利用自然天敌进行葡萄十星叶甲的综合防治,对安徽省萧县和肥东县喷施钕肥、镧肥、醋肥和清水的葡萄园葡萄十星叶甲及其主要天敌进行系统调查,并用灰色系统分析法和生态位分析法对两者之间在数量、时间和空间格局等方面的关系进行分析。经综合排序,萧县十星叶甲主要天敌喷水处理区为龟纹瓢虫、草间小黑蛛和拟环纹狼蛛,喷醋处理区为拟环纹狼蛛、龟纹瓢虫和异色瓢虫,喷钕处理区为草间小黑蛛、异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫,喷镧处理区为龟纹瓢虫、异色瓢虫和草间小黑蛛。肥东县十星叶甲主要天敌喷水处理区为草间小黑蛛、八斑球腹蛛和拟环纹狼蛛,喷醋处理区为拟环纹狼蛛、草间小黑蛛和龟纹瓢虫,喷钕处理区为草间小黑蛛、拟环纹狼蛛和八斑球腹蛛,喷镧处理区为八斑球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛和拟环纹狼蛛。萧县和肥东县两地间各处理的十星叶甲主要天敌的种类和位次差异明显。喷水区两地相同的两种主要天敌是草间小黑蛛和拟环纹狼蛛,喷醋区两地相同的两种主要天敌是拟环纹狼蛛和龟纹瓢虫,喷钕区和喷镧区两地相同的主要天敌都是草间小黑蛛。     

促进剂ZDiBC对硫化天然胶乳性能影响的研究

二异丁基二硫代氨基甲酸锌（ZDiBC）因其分子中二异丁胺的支化结构产生的空间位阻作用,使其与通用的未支化同类超促进剂相比在硫化过程中可显著降低N-亚硝基胺类物质的生成,是一种高效、制得硫化胶力学性能良好的环保型促进剂。而ZDiBC对硫化天然胶乳的胶体性能研究未见有报道。本研究采用硫磺为硫化剂,以ZDiBC为天然胶乳硫化促进剂,并与胶乳工业常用的二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸锌（ZDC）作对比研究,考察促进剂的用量、胶乳硫化温度和贮存时间对硫化天然胶乳粘度、机械稳定度、热稳定度的影响。结果表明：ZDiBC对硫化天然胶乳的粘度和机械稳定度的影响大于ZDC,对热稳定度的影响相差不大;随胶乳硫化温度的增加以ZDiBC和ZDC为促进剂的硫化胶乳粘度升高,而硫化胶乳机械稳定度和热稳定度则降低;随贮存时间的延长硫化胶乳的粘度增加,且ZDiBC为促进剂的硫化胶乳粘度增加幅度大于ZDC,硫化胶乳的机械稳定度略有增加而其热稳定度呈下降的趋势。     

阔叶次生林抚育改造初探

安远县国营林场根据生态学原理,对阔叶次生林进行改造,把天然更新和人工改造更新有机的结合起来。通过改造可很快的形成多树种的混交林,林木材积生长提高115％～219％,土壤物理性比杉木纯林好,土壤贮水量比杉木纯林提高57％～92％,有良好的生态经济效益。实践证明,次生林改造是次生林经营的重要措施,是加速培育森林资源的好途径。     

天然白桦林的特点与经营

通过白桦林样地调查,对白桦林进行了径级分析、死亡木分析和经营分析。结果表明,白桦林是一个不稳定的次生林型。在大片次生林中的白桦林天然更新非常好。现在硬阔已进入演替层;死亡木用“一边竞争”的模型进行预测效果较好。根据分析提出对白桦林进行上层疏伐的经营方法。     

冀北山地华北落叶松人工林土壤养分的变化规律

为了解随林龄增长华北落叶松人工林土壤养分含量的变化规律,选择4种不同林龄（9年生、18年生、33年生、43年生）的华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,对林下土壤的养分特征及其空间变化进行了研究。结果表明,土壤的有机质、碱解氮及全氮含量总体上以43年生华北落叶松人工林最高;速效钾及全钾含量有随林分年龄的增加而逐渐降低的趋势;磷元素则随林龄的增加呈现先下降后上升的趋势;同时,各林分土壤有效磷含量均相对偏低。有机质、碱解氮、全氮、速效钾、全钾及全磷的含量都随土层深度的增加逐渐下降,而有效磷含量则表现出先下降后又上升的趋势,拐点在40 cm左右。总体上,人工落叶松林土壤随林分年龄增加未表现出明显的退化趋势。     

落叶松纯林与水曲柳落叶松混交林土壤理化性质分析

为了探讨水曲柳落叶松混交林的增产机理。文章从土壤理化性质，营养元素含量等方面，对松南县孟家岗林场２２年生落叶松纯林和水落混交林进行了调查分析。结果表明：混交林在较大幅度上改善了土壤的物理性质。混交林下土壤表层和底层容重分别比纯林降低１２．３８％和１８．７４％，总孔隙度提高１４．５１％和７．０１％；渗透速度分别比纯林提高６４．６０％和５２．１７％。混交林虽未能提高土壤ＰＨ值和全量元素含量，但表层土壤