促芽肥与杂交中稻再生力关系及其作用机理

１９９１－１９９３年以２个杂交中稻品种为材料，研究了促芽肥与杂交中稻再生力关系及其作用机理。结果表明，促芽肥不能提高到２、倒３节位活芽率，可提高倒４、５位活芽率。促芽肥对再生力的效果与母茎 鞘干物质重有关，当母茎鞘干物质过大或过小时，促芽肥的作用极小。     

肥料结构对红壤氮素淋失的影响及防治措施

肥料结构是影响氮素淋失的重要因素。氮肥进入土壤后,其损失途径主要是氨挥发和反硝化的气态损失。但是,氮肥通过渗漏淋失对地下水(饮用水源)的污染,也不容忽视。为此,综述了近年来3种肥料结构(即单施无机氮肥、无机肥混施、无机肥与有机肥混施)对红壤区稻田土壤氮素淋失的影响的研究进展,并且提出了如何防止氮素淋失的对策     

水井酸处理效果预测研究

水井酸处理效果预测一直缺乏成熟的方法。提出了根据水位恢复曲线形态和含水层裂隙特征来预测井的首次酸处理效果，经与石油界所用方法有明显不同。石油界普遍认为，只有不位恢复曲线为快速上翘型的低产碳酸盐岩井才适合酸处理（即基质酸化），但作者近年来发现，多数水位恢复曲线为直线型的低产碳酸盐岩井，即井中含水层裂隙平均宽度＜5mm的井，酸处理效果也很好，被调查3眼这类井的单位涌水量增加值平均为423％；水位恢复曲线为缓慢上翘型的井中，部分含水层裂隙被松散物充填的井，采用特殊的酸处理方法处理后，井的单位涌水量可增加100％。另外，采用适当的方法，使用足够数量的酸进行首次酸处理后，水井再进行酸处理一般效果都很差。     

稻田水体碳氮稳定同位素组成与时空变化研究

利用稳定同位素技术研究了稻田沟渠、池塘、湿地等水体的碳、氮稳定同位素组成特征与时空变化。结果表明,水中颗粒性有机物(Particulate organic matter,POM)δ13C值(稳定性碳同位素比值)在-31.5‰~-24.3‰之间变化,平均值为-27.7‰,可能主要来自于浮游植物和浮游动物的贡献。POM稳定性碳同位素比值存在明显的季节变化,呈现出春、夏季高于秋、冬季的趋势。浮游动物与POM稳定性碳同位素比值之间的时空变化存在一定的相关性,说明研究区内浮游动物对内源有机碳的利用可能主要来自POM。颗粒性有机物δ15N存在秋、冬季高于春、夏季的趋势,但空间差异不显著,其中湿地的变化幅度相对较大(3.2‰~6.3‰),δ15NPOM平均值为4.1‰,说明研究区固氮作用较小,外源物的污染程度较低。     

Impacts of Institutional Reforms on Irrigated Agriculture in Pakistan

Poor functioning of theirrigation system in Pakistan has been asource of concern for the last few decades,during which time it has been the subject ofconsiderable external assistance andinternal policy reforms. Consequently, thegovernment of Pakistan introducedinstitutional restructuring in irrigationand drainage subsectors to impartnecessary improvements. Under thesereforms, management at secondary canallevel has recently been handed over to theFarmers Organizations (FOs) of selecteddistributaries in pilot areas. This studywas designed to evaluate a farmer-manageddistributary in southern Punjab. Fieldmeasurements revealed that hydraulicaspects of the irrigation service deliveredby the FO management has been significantlyimproved and as a result highlyproportionate and equitable waterdistribution was observed, particularly atthe tail reaches of the distributary. Dueto effective FO management farmers'interventions to increase the outletdischarge by illegal means has been almosteradicated. As a result of theseimprovements imparted by the FO in systemmanagement, the extent of irrigated area hasincreased on average by 6 to 7%, evenunder severe drought-like conditionsprevailing in the country during recentyears. Further cost recoveries haveincreased by an amount of 14% for summerand 23% for winter growing seasons,respectively, from the irrigated area of thedistributary. Thus experience from Hakra4-R distributary has shown that even underundesirable natural circumstancesIrrigation Management Transfer (IMT) wasquite effective in achieving the keytargets of the institutional reformslaunched at pilot scale in the country.     

旱区覆膜滴灌棉田N 2 O排放对化肥减量有机替代的响应

覆膜滴灌条件下,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了不同施肥策略:CK(不施肥)、CF(N 300 kg/hm~2;P2O590 kg/hm~2;K2O 60 kg/hm~2)、60%CF+OF(普通有机肥6 000 kg/hm~2)、60%CF+BF(生物有机肥6 000 kg/hm~2)对棉田土壤N_2O排放的影响,旨在明确滴灌棉田连续不同施肥策略下土壤N_2O的排放特征。结果表明,棉花生育期N_2O排放通量表现为施肥处理大于不施肥处理,滴灌施肥后第3/4天N_2O排放通量顺序为CF60%CF+OF60%CF+BFCK,而滴灌后第7/8天N_2O排放通量则表现为有机肥处理高于化肥处理,滴灌施肥结束后表现与之相同;生育期的N_2O排放总量以100%化肥处理(CF)最高,与其相比,60%CF+OF和60%CF+BF处理分别降低3.75%和8.37%,N_2O排放系数则分别降低1.39%和73.8%;相关及通径分析均表明,与土壤NH+4-N相比,NO-3-N与N_2O排放的关系更密切。     

Introduction of Irrigation Service Fee (ISF) in Indonesia: Institutional development in action for resources management

The inability to properly maintain irrigation systems over time forced the Government of Indonesia (GOI) to seek cost recovery from water users through introduction of an irrigation service fee. The plan is to introduce this fee in all of the technical irrigation systems of Indonesia, covering about 4 million hectares, over a 12 year period. Design and Introduction of this service fee in 4 pilot areas of the 4 major rice producing provinces (West, Central and East Java, and South Sulawesi) during 1989–1991 has shown that users are willing to pay. Results of first ISF collection from over 11,000 farmers in Central and East Java in pilot systems was an encouraging 95%. However that acceptance to pay by users depends on their structured and systematic involvement in defining systems needs. They need to understand a differentiation in payment if service levels are different. They appreciate use of collected funds in the system where collected. They understand the organization of water users associations but this requires their active role in fee determination and collection. They understand the establishment of federations of these associations. ISF requires also active involvement of Local Government officials as facilitators and intermediaries between service receivers (the water users) and service providers (personnel of the Public Works irrigation department) in the introduction period. This article describes the experience of the first 21 months of the ISF project, the concept developed, the principles used as basis for ISF, the introduction at the field level, issues related to acceptance by users and by the institutions involved, and the first results.Abbreviations/Acronyms DGWRD Directorate General of Water Resources Development (Ministry of Public Works) - EOM Efficient Operation and Maintenance - Gabungan group of WUAs - IPAIR Indonesian abbreviation for ISF - ISF Irrigation Service Fee - Juru gate keeper - PBB land tax on irrigated lands - PPL agricultural field extension agent - P3A Indonesian abbreviation for Water Users Associations - PU Indonesian abbreviation for Public Works - SM Special Maintenance - WUA Water Users Associations     

厌氧氨氧化工艺在废水脱氮领域中的应用进展

厌氧氨氧化是一种全新的生物脱氮工艺。对于处理低碳氮比废水,与传统方法相比,它具有节省氧耗、无需外加有机碳源、污泥产量低等优点。近年来,随着基础研究的逐渐深入,各国学者开始将研究视角转向厌氧氨氧化工艺的实际应用。本文对该工艺在消化污泥上清液、垃圾渗滤液等实际废水脱氮研究中的进展进行了综述,并指出了目前存在的问题和今后的研究方向。     

几种二氮氧化喹恶啉甲醛新衍生物的合成及其抑菌活性的研究

合成了5种二氮氧化喹恶啉甲醛的新衍生物并用HNMR谱和元素分析对其结构进行了表征。用新的化合物对5种常见的植物病菌进行了抑菌活性并进行了抑菌活性和结构关系的初步探讨。     

基于FEM-SPH耦合的卷辊式耕层残膜回收部件结构优化与试验

针对棉田耕作层内残膜力学性能差及膜土分离困难,残膜拾净率低和回收的残膜含土量高等问题,该研究对卷辊式残膜回收部件进行优化。在分析起膜捡膜工作过程和建立卷辊弹齿与膜土团聚体之间动力学关系的基础上,采用有限元法(finite element method,FEM)和光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH)耦合算法,建立卷辊弹齿-膜土团聚体接触计算模型,探究卷辊弹齿与膜土团聚体之间相互作用机理,分析卷辊弹齿接触膜土团聚体后残膜受力程度和土壤扰动程度的变化规律。以卷辊回转半径、弹齿直径、弹齿顶端折弯角为试验因素,以残膜平均峰值应力及土壤最大应变为指标开展仿真试验,分析各因素对指标的影响规律并对卷辊弹齿结构参数进行优化,获得卷辊弹齿最优结构参数为：卷辊回转半径100 mm、弹齿直径5 mm、弹齿顶端折弯角42°,此时残膜平均峰值应力为0.1201 MPa,土壤最大应变为3.7584。为了验证优化后卷辊弹齿的捡拾作业性能,以拾净率和含土率为试验指标进行田间试验,结果表明：机具拾净率为80.34%,含土率为37.13%,与初代研制的样机相比拾净率提升了8.74个百分点,含土率下降了12.18个百分点,机具作业性能明显提升且试验指标达到设计要求。本文建立的有限元模型可为残膜回收机关键部件的结构优化提供参考。