大豆抗营养因子对生长蛋鸡生产性能、氮代谢和小肠内胰蛋白酶活性的影响

为了观察不同梯度大豆抗营养因子（Ａｎｔｉｎｕｔｒｉｔｉｏｎａｌｆａｃｔｏｒｓ、简称ＡＮＦｓ）对不同生理阶段的生长蛋鸡的影响,本试验采用４８０只海兰褐蛋用雏鸡,以熟豆饼日粮为对照,从３或９周开始给饲３个水平的生大豆日粮（４％,９％和１３％）,每期每个日粮４个重复。在３～８周和９～１８周观察雏鸡的采食量,日增重和饲料效率。在第８和１７周分别测定各组的粗蛋白质和干物质的代谢率。并于８、１３和１８周末每个重复随机抽取试鸡两只屠宰,观察小肠内胰蛋白酶活性的变化。结果表明,３个水平的大豆ＡＮＦｓ对育雏期雏鸡的增重没有影响,育成期对照组的增重明显高于采食生大豆组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,大豆ＡＮＦｓ使饲料效率降低,但对氮和干物质的代谢影响不显著;８、１３和１８周龄雏鸡小肠内胰蛋白酶活性亦无显著变化。     

AIV H5N1亚型高免卵黄抗体的制备及理化特性研究

应用禽流感灭活疫苗(H5N1,Re-1株)免疫20周龄的高产来航蛋鸡,制备抗AIV H5N1高免卵黄抗体(IgY).在比较了3种缓冲液对IgY活性的影响后,确定采用水稀释法提取IgY.同时在模拟的胃肠内环境下对IgY的各种理化性质进行了试验.结果表明,纯化的IgY在pH 2.0和胃蛋白酶终浓度为1.5 mg/mL的环境下,以及在pH 8.0和胰蛋白酶终浓度为2.5 mg/mL的环境下,37℃作用1 h后其ELISA抗体效价均无明显下降;同时,热稳定性试验表明,IgY在60℃以下作用30 min,其ELISA抗体效价也无明显下降;中和试验测得IgY的中和效价为1:640,具有较好的中和H5N1亚型AIV的能力.以上结果表明,本试验所制备的抗禽流感H5N1亚型高免IgY具有较高的抗体效价和中和效价,同时还具有一定的耐蛋白酶消化的作用,可用于H5N1亚型禽流感的预防和治疗.     

山西铁杆蒿草地群落碳、氮密度区域差异及其驱动因素

为明确山西铁杆蒿（Artemisia sacrorum）群落碳、氮密度的区域差异,以及导致这种空间变化的驱动因素,本试验以山西省铁杆蒿草地群落为研究对象,通过测定晋北半干旱地区和晋南半湿润地区铁杆蒿群落的碳（C）、氮（N）密度,分析了其与年均气温、年降水量、土壤理化性质和地上、地下生物量等生态因子的相关性。结果表明：山西南北铁杆蒿群落碳、氮密度空间分布存在差异,晋南地区铁杆蒿群落的群落碳、氮密度分别为651.83 g C·m^-2和20.63 g N·m^-2,晋北地区铁杆蒿群落的群落碳、氮密度分别为418.89 g C·m^-2和13.90 g N·m^-2。以群落各组分碳、氮密度代表样点进行RDA（Redundancy analysis）冗余分析排序得出造成两地区群落碳、氮密度分异的主要生态因子均为地上生物量、地下生物量、年均气温、年降水量、土壤有机碳含量以及土壤砾石比。可见,山西晋南和晋北地区铁杆蒿群落碳、氮密度空间分布存在差异,不同气候区铁杆蒿群落碳、氮密度空间差异与生物量的积累密切相关,驱动晋南和晋北地区铁杆蒿群落碳氮密度分异的环境因素为年均气温、年降水量、土壤有机碳含量以及土壤砾石比。     

对退耕还林还草有关问题的进一步思考

阐述了“一退双还”政策措施提出的意义和实施情况,提出应进一步明确“一退双还”的目的,从思想和政策上解决重林木轻草灌的倾向,力戒形式主义和表面文章、讲求实绩实效,“以林为主”的绿化方针值得进一步深思和商榷,“一退双还”的责任制和利益机制需进一步完善等一系列问题,值得进一步深入思考和认真解决,以保证“一退双还”和国土绿化工作的持续和健康发展。     

Decomposition Dynamics and Nutrient Release Pattern from Leaf Litters of Five Commonly Occurring Homegarden Tree Species in Mizoram,India

Leaf litter decomposition and nutrient release patterns from five common multipurpose tree species—viz., Artocarpus heterophyllus, Mangifera indica, Areca catechu, Citrus sp., and Tamarindus indica, found in homegardens of Mizoram—were evaluated using a litter bag technique. The result of the study indicates a varying pattern of decomposition and nutrient release (N&P) among the species. Citrus sp. and T. indica were found to be the most labile species with comparatively much higher decay constant and faster nutrient release. Initial nitrogen concentration, lignin content, and lignin/N ratio of foliage litter showed significantly higher (p < .01) correlation with the decay coefficient and were found to be the important determinants in the decay process. The initial slow release and immobilization of N in A. heterophyllus and M. indica leaf litter reflect their potential as a source of nitrogen storage and effective mulching material. While litter from T. indica and Citrus sp. can provide the short-term nutrient need, foliage for the other three species may supply the long-term nutrient requirement for the understory crops in such agroforestry systems.     

餐厨垃圾堆肥过程中水解酶活性变化的研究

为了研究餐厨垃圾在静态强制通风条件下堆腐过程的矿质化进度和强度。以小麦秸秆作为膨松剂,比较了不同C/N比（20,25,30）条件下餐厨垃圾堆肥过程中各个阶段纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶4种水解酶活性的变化情况。结果表明,不同C/N比处理的温度变化趋势基本相同,40℃以上高温期持续达10天左右。25C/N和30C/N堆肥条件下的纤维素酶活整体比20C/N要高,酶活高峰期出现滞后于温度高峰期;不同C/N条件下,蔗糖酶活性变化趋势基本相似,酶活高峰期与温度高峰期同步;30C/N条件下的脲酶活性峰值出现早于20C/N和25C/N,最终脲酶活性下降到比堆肥初期还要低的程度;高温对蛋白酶活性有抑制作用,25C/N条件下蛋白酶活性峰值出现晚于其他2个处理。从试验结果可以看出,不同营养条件下同类酶活性的变化趋势表现出一定的差异,与堆肥过程中有机物质的转化密切相关,可以作为判断堆肥腐熟度的因素之一。     

稻草还田模式对稻田土壤速效氮、钾含量及晚稻生长的影响

设计了高桩翻耕抛栽、覆盖免耕抛栽和高桩免耕抛栽3种模式的田间小区试验。结果表明, 不同稻草还田模式对土壤NH₄⁺-N含量影响较大, 对土壤速效钾含量和土壤NO₃^--N含量影响不大; 高桩翻耕模式的土壤NH₄⁺-N、速效钾含量平均值比高桩免耕和覆盖免耕模式分别提高40.8%、7.5%和36.7%、2.0%; 高桩翻耕能促进水稻群体生长, 增加叶片叶绿素含量, 充分利用光能, 增强光合作用; 稻草还田以高桩翻耕模式的增产效果最好, 比高桩免耕、覆盖免耕分别增产5.8%和9.0%。以高桩翻耕稻草还田模式对土壤速效氮、钾含量及晚稻产量的影响最好。     

Cloning and Sequencing of a Gene Encoding Aminopeptidase N in the Midgut of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)

A cDNA encoding aminopeptidase N was cloned by degenerated PCR combined with RACEtechnique in this paper. The full-length of APN-Harm is 3 043 bp. Open reading frame is 2 856 bp inlength, encoding 951 amino acid residues. Its predicted molecular weight and isoelectric point are 108.3kDa and 5.29, respectively. This deduced amino acid sequence shares some common structural features withaminopeptidase N from several moth species, including the consensus zinc-binding motif HEXXHX18 E and the GAMEN motif common to gluzincin aminopeptidases. The first 20 amino acid residues at N-termini ishydrophobic transmembrane helix. The sequence of APN-Harm was deposited in GenBank and the accessionnumber is AY181026.     

Long-term organic phosphorus mineralization in Spodosols under forests and its relation to carbon and nitrogen mineralization

In forest soils where a large fraction of total phosphorus (P) is in organic forms, soil micro-organisms play a major role in the P cycle and plant availability since they mediate organic P transformations. However, the correct assessment of organic P mineralization is usually a challenging task because mineralized P is rapidly sorbed and most mineralization fluxes are very weak. The objectives of the present work were to quantify in five forest Spodosols at soil depths of 0-15 cm net mineralization of total organic P and the resulting increase in plant available inorganic P and to verify whether net or gross P mineralization could be estimated using the C or N mineralization rates. Net mineralization of total organic P was derived from the net changes in microbial P and gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter. We studied very low P-sorbing soils enabling us to use lower extractants to assess the change in total inorganic P as a result of gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter. In addition, to enable detection of gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter, a long-term incubation (517 days) experiment was carried out. At the beginning of the experiment, total P contents of the soils were very low (19-51 μg g⁻¹) and were essentially present as organic P (17-44 μg g⁻¹, 85-91%) or microbial P (6-14 μg g⁻¹; 24-39%). Conversely, the initial contents of inorganic P were low (2-7 μg g⁻¹; 9-15%). The net changes in the pool size of microbial P during the 517 days of incubation (4-8 μg g⁻¹) and the amounts of P resulting from gross mineralization of dead soil organic matter (0.001-0.018 μg g⁻¹ day⁻¹; 0.4-9.5 μg g⁻¹ for the entire incubation period) were considerable compared to the initial amounts of organic P and also when compared to the initial diffusive iP fraction (<0.3 μg g⁻¹). Diffusive iP corresponds to the phosphate ions that can be transferred from the solid constituents to the soil solution under a gradient of concentration. Net mineralization of organic P induced an important increase in iP in soil solution (0.6-10 μg g⁻¹; 600-5000% increase) and lower increases in diffusive iP fractions (0.3-5 μg g⁻¹; 300-2000% increase), soil solid constituents having an extremely low reactivity relative to iP. Therefore, soil micro-organisms and organic P transformations play a major role in the bioavailability of P in these forest soils. In our study, the dead soil organic matter was defined as a recalcitrant organic fraction. Probably because gross mineralization of P from this recalcitrant organic fraction was mainly driven by the micro-organisms’ needs for energy, the rates of gross mineralization of C, N and P in the recalcitrant organic fraction were similar. Indirect estimation of gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter using the gross C mineralization rate seems thus an alternative method for the studied soils. However, additional studies are needed to verify this alternative method in other soils. No relationships were found between microbial P release and microbial C and N releases.     

伊乐藻对污染水体中氮、磷的净化效果及其克藻效应

为了科学评价伊乐藻在水生态修复中的实际应用价值,在模拟条件下初步研究了沉水植物伊乐藻（Elodea nuttallii）对污染水体中氮、磷的净化效果及其克藻效应。结果表明,伊乐藻对总氮、氨态氮、硝态氮和总磷均具有一定的净化效果,并且水体中氮、磷起始浓度越高,其去除效果越明显;不同生物量伊乐藻对河水中其他藻类均具有较强抑制作用,并且随着生物量增加,其克藻效应更加明显。