南荻种质资源表型性状遗传多样性

本研究测定了采自于黄淮平原亚地区(ⅢD9a),江汉平原亚地区(ⅢD9b),赣南-湘东丘陵亚地区(ⅢD9d)和川、鄂、湘亚地区(ⅢD10c)4个植物区系32份南荻(Miscanthus lutarioriparius)种质材料的干物质产量、冠层高、花茎高、茎径、茎密度、叶长、叶宽、叶茎比、含水量9个表型性状,并采用巢式方差分析、偏相关分析和UPGMA聚类分析方法进行了数据分析。结果表明,1)干物质产量、冠层高、花茎高、茎径、茎密度和含水量6个表型性状在区系间存在显著差异(P0.05),9个表型性状在区系内均存在极显著差异(P0.01),其变异系数范围为13.53%~45.54%。2)干物质产量与茎径显著正相关(P0.05),与叶茎比显著负相关(P0.05);冠层高与花茎高、含水量极显著正相关(P0.01);茎径与叶茎比极显著正相关(P0.01);叶宽与叶长显著正相关(P0.05),与含水量显著负相关(P0.05);海拔与冠层高、茎径显著负相关(P0.05),与茎密度极显著正相关(P0.01);经度与干物质产量显著负相关(P0.05);纬度与茎密度极显著正相关(P0.01),与茎径显著负相关(P0.05)。3)采用UPGMA聚类方法进行综合聚类,4个区系被分为3类,黄淮平原亚地区和赣南-湘东丘陵亚地区为第Ⅰ类,该类群南荻植株较矮、茎秆细小、产量较小;江汉平原亚地区和川、鄂、湘亚地区为第Ⅱ类,该类群南荻植株高大、茎秆粗壮、产量大;江汉平原、赣南-湘东丘陵和川、鄂、湘3个亚地区的南部地区为第Ⅲ类,该类群南荻介于第Ⅰ类和第Ⅱ类之间。     

华东植物区系芒属植物的表型遗传多样性研究

为研究芒草在其重叠分布区内表型性状的遗传多样性,以来自于华东植物区系内的36份芒、五节芒、荻和南荻为材料,对8种表型性状进行多因素方差分析、变异分析和聚类分析。结果表明:8种表型性状种间差异大小依次为分蘖数、基部直径、干物质产量、花序长、株高、最大叶长、最大叶宽、叶长宽比,在种内除最大叶宽与叶长宽比呈显著差异(P0.05)外,其余6种表型均呈极显著差异(P0.01),且8种表型性状在种间和种内存在极显著互作效应;该区系内芒属植物表型变异系数为7.94%～76.80%,Shannon's指数为1.27～1.78,芒草表型变异系数大小依次为芒(26.16%)、南荻(25.46%)、荻(24.49%)、五节芒(17.17%),Shannon's指数大小依次为芒(1.74)、南荻(1.70)、五节芒(1.68)、荻(1.60);4种芒属植物在欧式距离为20时可分为3类,荻为第Ⅰ类,芒和五节芒为第Ⅱ类,南荻为第Ⅲ类;在华东植物区系内,芒的株高与纬度呈极显著负相关,芒的干物质产量与海拔高度呈显著正相关,荻的干物质产量、分蘖数和基部直径与纬度呈显著或极显著负相关,而南荻与五节芒的产量因子表型与地理因子间则无显著相关性。     

拔节期水分胁迫对荻生长和生物质特性的影响

用盆栽土培法研究了土壤水分胁迫对拔节期荻(Miscanthus sacchariflorus(Maxim.)Benth.)生长和生物质特性的影响.结果表明:土壤水分条件对荻的生长影响显著,严重胁迫(土壤相对含水量(RWC)为40%)对荻生物量的抑制作用明显强于轻度胁迫(RWC60%),而轻度胁迫与充分供水(RWC80%)处理间差异不显著;随着水分胁迫强度的增加,荻地下部分生物量比例逐渐增加,从而使根冠比显著增加;土壤水分条件对荻的生物质特性影响显著,随着土壤含水量的下降,荻茎叶中挥发分含量逐渐下降,而灰分含量逐渐增加;茎、叶中的钾、氯与土壤含水量呈负相关,而硫、硅与土壤含水量呈正相关.     

Biomass yield and energy balance of three perennial crops for energy use in the semi-arid Mediterranean environment

Three different lignocellulosic energy crops (a local clone of Arundo donax L., Miscanthus x giganteus Greef et Deu. and Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis D.C. cv. “Cardo gigante inerme”) were compared over 5 years (2002–2007) for crop yield, net energy yield and energy ratio. In a hilly interior area of Sicily (Italy), two different irrigation treatments (75 and 25% of ETm restoration) and two nitrogen fertilization levels (100 and 50 kg ha⁻¹) were evaluated in a split-plot experiment. In the fourth and fifth years of the field experiment (2005–2007) no fertilizer or irrigation was used.From crop establishment to the third year, above ground dry matter yield increased over all studied factors, in A. donax from 6.1 to 38.8 t ha⁻¹ and in M. x giganteus from 2.5 to 26.9 t ha⁻¹. Fifteen months after sowing, C. cardunculus yielded 24.7 t ha⁻¹ of d.m. decreasing to 8.0 t ha⁻¹ in the third year. In the fourth and fifth years, above ground dry matter yields of all crops decreased, but A. donax and M. x giganteus still maintained high productivity levels in both years. By contrast the yield of C. cardunculus yield fell to less than 1 t ha⁻¹ of d.m. by the fourth year.Energy inputs of A. donax and M. x giganteus were higher in the year of establishment than that of C. cardunculus (34 GJ ha⁻¹ for A. donax and M. x giganteus and 12 GJ ha⁻¹ for C. cardunculus), mainly due to irrigation.Net energy yield showed low or negative values in the establishment year in A. donax and M. x giganteus. In the second and third year, net energy yield of A. donax was exceptionally high (487.2 and 611.5 GJ ha⁻¹, respectively), whilst M x giganteus had lower values (232.2 and 425.9 GJ ha⁻¹, respectively). M x giganteus attained its highest net energy yield in the fourth year (447.2 GJ ha⁻¹). Net energy yield of C. cardunculus reflected energy output of the crop, being high in the first compared to subsequent years (364.7, 277.0 and 119.2 GJ ha⁻¹, respectively for the first, second and third years).A significant effect of the different irrigation treatments was noted on all the studied parameters in all species. Conversely, only A. donax was affected by nitrogen fertilization.     

施氮对贫瘠红壤定植芒草根际土有机碳矿化过程的影响

为了探究不同施氮量对长期定植芒属植物后酸性红壤中固定的土壤有机碳矿化过程的影响,本研究以长期定植芒草的根际红壤为试验材料,采用控制变量法开展土壤有机碳矿化培养试验。结果表明：施氮极显著降低了土壤有机碳矿化量,随着施氮量的升高而降低,呈现极显著的负激发效应(P<0.001)。与不施氮相比,低氮与高氮处理下土壤有机碳矿化速率在培养后第60天分别降低了35.47%和45.43%,土壤有机碳累积矿化量分别降低了19.04%和27.85%。随着施氮量的增加,土壤pH值、可溶性有机碳、微生物代谢熵呈现下降趋势,减幅分别达10.46%～14.07%,63.00%～68.36%,38.21%～46.44%;土壤微生物生物量、微生物生物量氮和铵态氮在低氮处理下最高,分别为272.62 mg·kg^-1,42.59 mg·kg^-1和33.14 mg·kg^-1。本研究发现,高水平施氮会降低土壤pH值、可溶性有机碳,从而抑制红壤有机碳矿化过程,进一步稳定芒属植物种植对酸性红壤有机碳的积累效应。     

射线辐照和碱性双氧水协同预处理促进芒草酶解糖化的研究

[目的]为提高芒草的酶解产糖得率,研究不同预处理对其影响。[方法]采用射线辐照与碱性双氧水对芒草进行协同预处理,考察对其酶解产糖的影响。[结果]经400 k Gy剂量射线辐照预处理后,芒草酶解产还原糖的得率为76.24 mg/g;采用400 k Gy剂量射线辐照与碱性双氧水协同预处理,芒草酶解产还原糖的得率为505.08 mg/g,较只进行相同剂量射线辐照处理提高了5.6倍。通过工艺优化,得出较优水解条件为：预处理温度30℃、Na OH浓度1.2%、双氧水浓度2%、处理时间6 h。[结论]射线辐照与碱性双氧水协同预处理能够大大提高芒草酶解产糖效率,为利用其制备燃料乙醇提供了新的理论依据。     

奇岗微繁技术建立及幼苗耐盐性评价

以奇岗茎段作为外植体,确定了最佳取材时期、诱导培养基、生根培养基和分化培养基等,成功建立了奇岗微繁技术体系,并研究了不同浓度NaCl对微繁苗生长速率和生物量的影响.结果表明:腋芽生枝途径微繁体系以5～6叶期茎段为外植体,在75％酒精喷洒表面后,1.0％次氯酸钠浸泡20 min时,污染率为0且出芽诱导率较高(85.2％)...     

中国芒幼苗对PEG胁迫的生理响应

以 PEG-6000为渗透介质模拟干旱胁迫, 对中国芒(Miscanthus sinensis)幼苗的生理特性进行了研究。随着PEG胁迫时间的延长, 丙二醛(MDA)、相对电导率逐渐升高, 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、抗坏血酸(ASA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)呈先升高后降低的趋势, 但不同浓度PEG胁迫条件下, 各指标的变化幅度不同。低浓度PEG(≤10%)各指标都能基本维持与对照相似的水平;高浓度PEG(≥20%)下, 各指标与对照均差异显著, 这说明中国芒幼苗能忍受低于20%的PEG胁迫, 具有一定的抗旱能力, 但浓度超过20%的PEG会对中国芒幼苗造成严重干旱胁迫, 甚至导致其死亡。     

Vegetation development patterns on skislopes in lowland Hokkaido, northern Japan

The Japanese montane zones are usually covered with well-developed forests, and most ski resorts are constructed there. Therefore, the construction of skislopes requires the destruction of forest ecosystems. To detect vegetation development patterns on skislopes, I assessed vegetation on seven skislopes in the lowland of Hokkaido Island, Japan, using 155 2 m×2 m plots. The surrounding vegetation was mostly consisted of broad-leaved forests with a floor of dwarf bamboo, Sasa senanensis. The skislopes were established 5-28 years before the surveys by scraping off the topsoil and subsequent artificial seeding. The data of vegetation analyzed by TWINSPAN resulted in six different grassland types: (A) Miscanthus sinensis-Hypochaeris radicata, (B) introduced herbs with low richness, (C) introduced herbs, (D) Artemisia montana, (E) M. sinensis-Pueraria lobata-A. montana, and (F) Solidago gigantea var. leiophylla. H. radicata and S. gigantea var. leiophylla were alien species. Vegetation dominated by introduced grasses for erosion control, such as Dactylis glomerata and Poa pratensis, should be initial vegetation on the skislopes. Most tree pioneer species established in the vegetation type A, that was most natural vegetation in the skislopes. Type A seemed to proceed from types B and C, and species richness was the highest. Therefore, this type should be preferable for the management and restoration of skislope vegetation. Type D established on newer skislopes, while types E and F established on older skislopes. Results including detrended correspondence analysis suggested that those vegetation types D-F proceeded to distorted succession, i.e. biological invasion changed native successional sere. Based on these results, I recommended that the restriction of alien invasion and careful monitoring on M. sinensis grasslands are required to restore the natural vegetation.     

Turnover of organic matter in a Miscanthus field: effect of time in Miscanthus cultivation and inorganic nitrogen supply

To accurately predict the potential environmental benefits of energy crops, the sequestration of carbon in soil needs to be quantified. The aim of this study was to investigate the mineralisation rate of the perennial C₄ grass Miscanthus giganteus and Miscanthus-derived soil organic matter under contrasting nitrogen supply. Soils were collected from sites where Miscanthus had been grown for 11 and 18 years, respectively, and where a C₃-grass (Lolium spp.) had been grown for 7 years. The soils were incubated for 4 months at two levels of soil inorganic nitrogen with or without dead root material of Miscanthus.Addition of root material (residues) increased carbon mineralisation of indigenous organic matter when no nitrogen was added. Added inorganic nitrogen decreased carbon mineralisation in all soils. Nitrogen addition did not affect carbon mineralisation of the residues. Using the ¹³C fraction to calculate the proportion of respiratory CO₂ derived from Miscanthus showed that nitrogen addition decreased carbon mineralisation in soils, but it did not affect carbon mineralisation of the residues. Nitrogen mineralisation was highest in the C₃ grass soil without added residues. Nitrification decreased pH, especially in the treatments where nitrogen was added. The Miscanthus-derived organic matter is at least as stable as C₃ grassland-derived organic matter. Furthermore, the turnover time of the organic matter increases with time under Miscanthus cultivation.The CENTURY soil organic matter sub-model was used to simulate the organic matter decomposition in the experiment. Carbon mineralisation was accurately simulated but there were unexplained discrepancies in the simulation of the δ¹³C in the respiration from the treatment with residues. The δ¹³C in respiration did not decrease with time as predicted, indicating that lignin accumulation did not influence the measurements.