五节芒茎秆微观构造及结晶度研究

 为更好地研究和利用五节芒Miscanthus floridulus茎秆,并为五节芒工业化利用奠定基础,研究了五节芒茎秆微观构造及茎秆去髓原料的纤维素相对结晶度。结果表明：五节芒茎秆皮部为茎秆最外层不含维管束的部分,木质部为皮部内圈维管束较多且紧密分布的部分,髓部为茎秆中部呈白色、含少量维管束的部分。茎秆表皮层由表皮膜、长细胞、短细胞和气孔器构成,长细胞长边边缘多呈锯齿形,且长、短细胞内含硅质。维管束由木质部、韧皮部、纤维细胞组成。原生木质部含环纹导管或螺纹导管。后生木质部的导管类型有网纹导管和孔纹导管。基本组织薄壁细胞主要特点是壁薄, 壁上有纹孔,且内含淀粉粒。五节芒去髓茎秆梢部纤维相对结晶度为43.21%,中部为42.08%,基部为44.49%,基本相似,没有表现出明显的规律性。图2 表1参15     

New localities and awn morphology variation in Miscanthus ×ogiformis

Miscanthus ×ogiformis is a hybrid between Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Miscanthus sinensis and its several synonyms indicate the insufficient understanding of the morphological variation of its awn on the spikelet, which is a key characteristic for identifying Miscanthus species. In the present study, all the Miscanthus specimens in 19 herbaria were examined in order to find new localities for Miscanthus ×ogiformis. Thirty‐nine Miscanthus ×ogiformis specimens appeared to be naturally occurring hybrids, as their callus hair length, awn length, and callus‐to‐spikelet ratio differed from those found in the parental species. Therefore, new Miscanthus ×ogiformis individuals with morphological variations are likely to be discovered and these strains might be useful as new genetic resources for this biomass crop.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of the root system and root nutrient content of an established Miscanthus crop

Although a high biomass yield is obtained from established Miscanthus crops, previous studies have shown that fertilizer requirements are relatively low. As little information on the role of the Miscanthus roots in nutrient acquisition is available, a study was conducted to gather data on the Miscanthus root system and root nutrient content. Therefore in 1992, the root distribution pattern of an established Miscanthus crop was measured in field trials using the trench profile and the auger methods. Also, in 1994/1995, seasonal changes in root length density (RLD) and root nutrient content were monitored three times during the vegetation period.

The trench profile method showed that roots were present to the maximum depth measured of 250 cm. The top soil (0–30 cm) contained 28% of root biomass, while nearly half of the total roots were present in soil layers deeper than 90 cm. Using the auger method, we found that RLD values in the topsoil decreased with increasing distance from the centre of the plants. Below 30 cm, RLD decreased markedly, and differences in root length in the soil between plants were less pronounced. The total root dry weight down to 180 cm tended to increase from May 1994 (10.6 t ha⁻¹) to November 1994 (13.9 t ha⁻¹) and then decreased again until March 1995 (11.5 t ha⁻¹). Nutrient concentrations in the roots decreased with increasing depth. The concentrations of N (0.7–1.4%) and K (0.6–1.2%) were clearly higher than those of P (0.06–0.17%). The mean values for N, P and K contents of the roots of all three sampling dates in 1994/1995 were 109.2 kg N ha⁻¹, 10.6 kg P ha⁻¹ and 92.5 kg K ha⁻¹.

Although our results showed that RLD values for Miscanthus in the topsoil are lower than for annual crops, the greater rooting depth and the higher RLD of Miscanthus in the subsoil mean that nutrient uptake from the subsoil is potentially greater. This enables Miscanthus crops to overcome periods of low nutrient (and water) availability especially during periods of rapid above-ground biomass growth.     

中国芒属植物抗寒性初步研究

以13份具有地理代表性的芒属（Miscanthus Andersson）植物为材料,分别以5,0,-5,-10,-15,-20和-25℃共7个温度梯度进行冷冻胁迫,通过电导法测定电解质外渗率来评价各材料的抗寒性,并对供试材料半致死温度（LT₅₀）与其原产地地理因子进行回归分析。结果表明：半致死温度（LT₅₀）的变化范围为-2.92～-23.85℃,抗寒性由强到弱依次为C0429（-23.85℃） >D0341（-14.10℃） >B0534（-9.60℃） >B0121（-6.97℃） >A0502（-6.77℃） >A0110（-6.51℃） >B0120（-6.34℃） >B0605（-5.39℃） >A0107（-5.00℃） >C0517（-4.27℃） >B0145（-3.26℃） >C0128（-3.08℃） >C0129（-2.92℃）,回归分析表明,半致死温度（LT₅₀）与纬度和海拔成极显著负相关,说明芒属植物抗寒性与地理因子具有一定的相关性。研究结果将为芒属植物抗寒种质资源的筛选提供理论基础。     

Combustion quality of biomass: practical relevance and experiments to modify the biomass quality of Miscanthus x giganteus

A catalogue is set up describing the quality characteristics relevant for the combustion of biomass to be used as solid fuel. The practical relevance of these characteristics is discussed. The main characteristics are water concentration, the concentration of chloride and ash, the heating value and the concentration of volatiles and remaining coke. Further quality criteria are the concentrations of nitrogen, sulphur, potassium and calcium.

In multifactorial field trials at three locations, the influence of location, fertilizer application and harvest date on the quality of Miscanthus biomass from 3- and 4-year-old plantations was tested. The concentrations of water, minerals and ash, all three of which should be as low as possible, were higher in biomass from the cool and humid than in biomass from the warm location. The application of potassium fertilizer led to increases in the ash and potassium concentrations. Harvesting Miscanthus in February instead of December led to an improved biomass quality because the concentrations of ash, minerals and especially of water had declined.

Compared to other lignocellulose plants Miscanthus biomass has a very good combustion quality. In February the stems of Miscanthus had a water concentration of only 16–33%. The mineral concentrations were also low, with 0.3–2.1 g kg⁻¹ for chloride, 0.9–3.4 g kg⁻¹ for nitrogen and 3.7–11.2 g kg⁻¹ for potassium. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.     

喀斯特煤矸石山自然恢复植物群落研究

为了解喀斯特地区煤矸石山自然恢复植物群落组成情况,采用经典样方法对六盘水五个煤矿区煤矸石山自然恢复定居植物群落进行了调查,经野外记录、标本采集、拍照和分类鉴定.结果发现:六盘水煤矸石山自然恢复定居植物有26科46属50种,其中优势种为戟叶酸模(Rumex hastatus)、亮叶桦(Betula lu-minifera...     

Genetic diversity of European Miscanthus species revealed by AFLP fingerprinting

The genetic diversity of European species of Miscanthus was analyzed by AFLP technique. The genetic similarity based on six primer combinations yielded about 200 data points. The plant material included 11 clones of M. sinensis, 2 clones of M. sacchariflorus and 31 accessions of M. x giganteus. Furthermore 4 hybrids were created by crossing M. sinensis with M. sacchariflorus clones. Two clusters were found represented by M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus clones. The M. x giganteus accessions clustered under M. sacchariflorus. A very low genetic diversity was found in the M. x giganteus pool. No polymorphism was detected between micro- and rhizome-propagated M. x giganteus accessions. Many of the M. sacchariflorus clones sampled in Botanical Gardens turned out to be M. x giganteus clones. In the hybridization of M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus material, self-fertilization of the M. sinensis clones was determined by application of the AFLP technique. In the M. sinensis pool a typical diversification of hybrids was detected according to ornamental selection by horticulture breeders. The AFLP technique is an adequate and powerful tool to evaluate genetic diversification, to analyse the success of hybridizations and to find wrong classifications.     

芒属植物对3种杂草种子萌发与幼苗生长的化感效应研究

为了探究芒属植物(Miscanthus spp.)的化感效应和作用规律,本试验采用室内生物学测定方法,研究南荻(Miscanthus lutarioriparius)、芒(Miscanthus sinensis)、五节芒(Miscanthus floridulus)、奇岗(Miscanthus×giganteus)不同部位(根、茎、叶)浸提液对青葙(Celosia argentea)、苋(Amaranthus tricolor)、稗(Echinochloa crusgalli)3种杂草种子的萌发与幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：不同种芒草根、茎、叶浸提液对3种杂草发芽率、发芽指数、胚轴长、胚根长、幼苗干重具有显著的化感作用(P<0.05),且3种杂草之间存在一定的差异,不同种芒草浸提液对青葙、稗的化感效应整体表现为促进作用,而南荻浸提液对苋表现为抑制作用;不同芒草浸提液对3种杂草化感效应表现为芒>五节芒>奇岗>南荻;芒草不同部位浸提液间的化感效应不同,表现为根浸提液>叶浸提液>茎浸提液。结合种子萌发与幼苗生长的综合化感指数,3种受试植物对不同芒草不同部位化感作用的敏感程度为青葙>稗>苋。     

分株和遮荫对花叶芒生长的影响

 盆栽条件下研究了分株和遮荫对观赏植物花叶芒(Miscanthus sinensis‘Variegatus’) 生长的影响, 为种苗快速扩繁和应用配置提供技术依据。分株试验有4个处理, 初始分蘖数分别为2～3、5～6、10～12和20～23个/盆, 结果表明初始分蘖数对植株生长有明显影响, 分株生长6个月后, 植株的茎数、花序数、冠幅和地上生物量随初始分蘖数的增加而显著提高, 但对植株高度没有影响。初始分蘖数为20～23个/盆时, 繁殖系数最低, 仅为2.1, 而初始分蘖数为2～3个/盆时繁殖系数最高, 为6.7, 是前者的3.2倍。通过覆盖不同层数的黑色尼龙网形成了4个遮荫度, 分别为0, 25% , 50%和75%。遮荫度对花叶芒的生长有显著的影响, 25%~50%遮荫度下, 花叶芒的株高、茎数、花序数、地上和地下生物量以及叶绿素含量都显著高于全光照条件下的, 但遮荫度增加到75%时, 这些指标又明显降低, 由此得出25% ～50%的遮荫度适合花叶芒生长, 高于50%的遮荫度不利于其生长。