密云水库库区不同植物篱模式下的氮磷阻控效应

筛选拦截效果最佳、经济效益最佳的植物篱模式,为密云水库水源保护区控制坡耕地氮磷流失提供技术参考。设置“桔梗+狗牙根”“丹参+狗牙根”“桑树+野牛草”“黄芩+野牛草”4种不同的植物篱模式,监测2020年天然降水条件下的地表径流、泥沙以及养分情况,分析不同植物篱模式下径流小区的产流和产沙情况,探讨不同植物篱对坡耕地地表径流、泥沙和养分的拦截效率及其影响因素。结果表明：4种植物篱种植模式都能够起到截流减沙,减轻水环境富营养化的作用,从而避免对下游水体的污染。其中“桑树+野牛草”植物篱效果最为显著,大雨雨强下可以减流57.96%,减沙96.64%,暴雨雨强下可以减流64.63%,减沙97.17%;对氮的相对拦截量为93.14 mg,相对拦截率约88.27%;对磷的相对拦截量为25.17 mg,相对拦截率约80.72%,能有效减少地表径流中的氮、磷含量。在考虑经济效益、社会效益和生态效益下,开展植物篱防控面源污染工作中,最佳的物种选择为“桑树+野牛草”,其次为“黄芩+野牛草”。野牛草在防控水土流失与面源污染方面效果十分显著,可以作为水土保持的先锋植物推广。     

基于职业岗位分析的课程体系开发探索——以环境监测与治理技术专业为例

针对职业教育理论与实践脱离的问题,以环境监测与治理技术专业为例,围绕该专业面向的职业岗位的要求,在职业岗位分析的基础上,构建出由＂职业基础课程＋职业岗位课程＋职业拓展课程＂组成的课程体系,突出了职业岗位要求在课程框架中的主线地位。     

中华鲟ASDIGIRR与ASTRAF6基因的克隆与表达

中华鲟是处在硬骨鱼类与软骨鱼类之间的中国古老的珍稀鱼类之一,但在人工繁殖和养殖过程中,容易受到不同疾病的危害,因此,需要深入研究其免疫调控,为其疾病预防提供理论依据。单个免疫球蛋白白细胞介素-1受体相关分子(SIGIRR)和肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6(TRAF6)是toll样受体(TLR)信号通路的2个重要的信号转导元件。本研究鉴定了中华鲟的SIGIRR和TRAF6的同源物,分别命名为ASDIGIRR (Acipenser sinensis DIGIRR)和ASTRAF6 (A. sinensis TRAF6),并研究它们在正常组织中的表达和Poly(I:C)诱导后的表达模式。结果显示,ASDIGIRR和ASTRAF6在健康鲟的10个组织中均有表达,且分别在肠道和头肾组织中表达量最高;用Poly (I:C)孵育中华鲟脾脏细胞后,ASDIGIRR在3 h时的表达量显著下调,在6 h时恢复至正常水平,后在24 h显著上调达到最高值,随后开始下调,至48 h时仍显著高于对照组,而ASTRAF6在6 h达到最高表达量,维持到24 h后再下调,48 h时下降至最低水平。研究表明,ASDIGIRR和ASTRAF6在中华鲟抵御病原入侵的免疫防御过程中起着重要作用。     

小石岛刺参国家级水产种质资源保护区综合评价

为全面掌握小石岛刺参国家级水产种质资源保护区状况,于2012―2018年对该保护区的水环境、沉积物环境、海洋生物生态、保护生物资源概况和主要保护对象刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)的遗传多样性进行调查,并分别采用单因子污染指数(Pi)、有机污染指数(A)、生物多样性指数(H')、线粒体DNA D-l...     

福建泉州湾环境质量评价

本文依据2000～2001年福建主要港湾水产养殖容量研究的调查资料，分析并评价了泉州湾的环境质量。结果表明：泉州湾DO、pH值、COD和活性磷酸盐基本符合二类海水水质标准，而无机氮严重超标。由于福建省第三大河流晋江携带大量工农业废水排入该海湾，造成水质无机氮和活性磷酸盐含量偏高，潜在富营养化因素，应加强污水排放的治理和海域环境保护。     

美国蓝鳃太阳鱼养殖技术

报道了蓝鳃太阳鱼(Lipomis macroehius)的外部形态、生活、生长、繁殖习性、食性等生物学特征，以及鱼苗培育、成鱼养殖、鱼病防治技术。分析了该鱼发展中存在的问题，并提出建议。     

Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L: a new infectious disease

Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) is a disease syndrome of unknown aetiology first observed in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in 1999. In the present study we have demonstrated for the first time that HSMI is an infectious disease. It was induced in Atlantic salmon post-smolts after injection with tissue homogenate from farmed Atlantic salmon previously diagnosed with HSMI. The lesions were also induced in cohabitating salmon given a corresponding injection without tissue homogenate. Six weeks post-challenge the fish that had been injected with tissue homogenate developed a serious epicarditis and myocarditis with mononuclear cell infiltrations in compact and spongy layers of the heart. Similar lesions were found in cohabitants after 10 weeks. The lesions were consistent with samples from field outbreaks of HSMI. No lesions were found in control fish. A viral aetiology is strongly suggested, as no difference in disease induction between an inoculum containing antibiotics and a non-treated inoculum was found. Further investigations are required in order to make conclusions regarding the cause and pathogenesis of HSMI.     

患病蝶尾金鱼维氏气单胞菌温和生物变种的分离鉴定

研究从患病蝶尾金鱼(Butterfly)肝脏中分离获得的1株病菌,为金鱼疾病防治提供参考。分离纯化获得1株细菌,编号为DW-1,通过细菌形态观察、理化特性、16S rDNA序列分析等方法进行鉴定。结果表明DW-1菌株为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,可发酵葡萄糖产气,赖氨酸脱羧酶、硝酸盐还原等为阳性;进一步通过PCR方法扩增16S rDNA序列,测得长度为1 385 bp,与维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)相似性为99%~100%;构建系统发育树与维氏气单胞菌温和生物变种(A.veronii biovar sobria)模式菌株ATCC9071聚为一支。最终鉴定该菌株为维氏气单胞菌温和生物变种。人工感染试验结果表明,对斑马鱼半数致死量(LD_(50))为1.17×10~6CFU/m L。药敏试验结果显示该菌株对头孢克肟、头孢哌酮、链霉素、恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星、左氟沙星、复方新诺明等23种药物敏感。     

Design standards for experimental and field studies to evaluate diagnostic accuracy of tests for infectious diseases in aquatic animals

Design and reporting quality of diagnostic accuracy studies (DAS) are important metrics for assessing utility of tests used in animal and human health. Following standards for designing DAS will assist in appropriate test selection for specific testing purposes and minimize the risk of reporting biased sensitivity and specificity estimates. To examine the benefits of recommending standards, design information from published DAS literature was assessed for 10 finfish, seven mollusc, nine crustacean and two amphibian diseases listed in the 2017 OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals. Of the 56 DAS identified, 41 were based on field testing, eight on experimental challenge studies and seven on both. Also, we adapted human and terrestrial‐animal standards and guidelines for DAS structure for use in aquatic animal diagnostic research. Through this process, we identified and addressed important metrics for consideration at the design phase: study purpose, targeted disease state, selection of appropriate samples and specimens, laboratory analytical methods, statistical methods and data interpretation. These recommended design standards for DAS are presented as a checklist including risk‐of‐failure points and actions to mitigate bias at each critical step. Adherence to standards when designing DAS will also facilitate future systematic review and meta‐analyses of DAS research literature.     

基于线粒体基因组COI和12S rRNA序列的魁蚶中国群体分类学地位研究

东北亚地区不同地理种群魁蚶(Scapharca brouhtonii)的分类学地位仍存在较大争议。为探讨魁蚶中国群体的分类地位,测定了魁蚶中国群体线粒体基因组COI和12S rRNA序列,并从GenBank中下载了蚶科26种贝类的同源序列进行分析。以贻贝科的贻贝(Mytilus edulis)为外群,用邻近法和最大简约法构建了蚶科贝类的分子系统进化树,分析其分子系统进化关系和分类等级。结果显示,魁蚶中国群体的COI和12S rRNA基因的碱基组成、密码子使用率及变异位点等与魁蚶日本群体和粗饰蚶属的Anadara sativa相似,且遗传距离很小,进化树中聚为一支,亲缘关系很近,初步确定魁蚶中国群体的分类地位和魁蚶日本群体一致。本研究结果初步阐明了魁蚶中国群体的分子系统进化地位,有利于掌握魁蚶的遗传背景和资源状况,以应用于自然资源的保护和推动养殖业的发展。