Effects of thinning on nitrogen status of a larch plantation,illustrated by 15N natural abundance and N resorption

Larch (Larix spp.) is widely distributed in the boreal and temperate areas. Nitrogen (N) is considered as the major limiting element for these areas. Thinning is a common forest management practice. Thus, it is imperative to obtain a better understanding on how thinning could affect N status of larch plantations, and thus optimize the thinning intensity for sustainable forest management. In this study, we measured N concentrations and ¹⁵N natural abundance (δ¹⁵N) of needles and surface soil (0–10?cm) in a larch plantation with T0, T25 and T50 treatments (0%, 25% and 50% thinning intensities, respectively) in Northeast China. We found that needle and soil δ¹⁵N in T25 was the lowest, and the highest in T50. No significant differences were observed for needle and soil N concentrations among the thinning intensities. T25 exhibited the highest N resorption efficiency, indicating highest N use efficiency. Overall, N cycling in T25 was more closed than the control, and with lower soil N availability, while N cycling in T50 was more opened. Our study indicates that foliar ¹⁵N natural abundance is sensitive to thinning and can be potentially used to optimize thinning intensity from the perspective of N cycling.     

欧洲水仙4个花期香气成分的GC-MS分析

为了研究欧洲水仙花发育过程中香气成分的动态变化,以欧洲水仙‘荷兰船长’为材料,采用顶空—固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱—质谱(GC-MS)联用技术分析其4个花期的香气成分及其含量的变化。结果表明:欧洲水仙花发育的不同时期,香气成分及含量差异明显。4个花期共鉴定出26种香气化合物,萜烯类化合物是其主要香气成分,其次是醇类化合物,主要的香气成分有(Z)-β-罗勒烯、别罗勒烯、β-月桂烯、对苯二甲醚、(E)-β-罗勒烯、桉叶油醇、萜品油烯、3-蒈烯、芳樟醇。欧洲水仙‘荷兰船长’主要的特征香气成分是(Z)-β-罗勒烯、β-月桂烯和别罗勒烯。主要香气成分的释放在整个开花期间呈现先升后降的趋势,种类数量和含量均在盛花期达到最高。     

Integrated pest management in a cotton-growing area in the Southern Rift Valley region of Ethiopia: development and application of a supplementary food spray product to manage pests and beneficial insects

Cotton crop Ethiopia is a high-value crop and the strategy for pest control is insecticide-dependent with no consideration of beneficial insects. We carried out a study in 2013 and 2014 to determine the effectiveness of a food spray product developed with local ingredients from Benin (BFP), a food spray product developed from Ethiopian ingredients (EFP), and mixtures of the individual food spray products with and without neem extracts. Applications of BFP and of EFP alone attracted and retained beneficial insects and significantly reduced the number of pests, and increased cotton yields and profitability. The net margins of 18,418 and 18,642 Ethiopian birr (ETB)/ha were achieved from the plots treated with BFP and EFP, respectively, and 13,000 ETB (US$1 = 19 ETB) was achieved from the unsprayed plots. Addition of neem extract to the food spray products decreased the number of beneficial insects attracted to the food spray plots. In conclusion, food sprays can be used as part of integrated pest management (IPM) for managing cotton pests and can result in significant increases in crop yields and profitability.     

广西元宵水库集水区桉树人工林生态系统服务价值时空动态

广西元宵水库集水区的植物群落以桉树人工林与马尾松林为主.栽种40多年以来,马尾松种植区已经发展成为具备良好群落结构的生态公益林.近年来,在经济利益的驱使下林农大量刈除马尾松而种植桉树,引发了一系列生态环境问题.基于遥感技术(RS)、全球定位系统(GPS)与地理信息系统(GIS),选取水源涵养、环境净化、产品提供、固碳释氧、土壤保育、生物多样性保护等6项生态系统服务指标,就广西元宵水库集水区桉树人工林与马尾松林的生态系统服务价值开展比较研究.结果表明,2005-2015年,元宵水库集水区的生态系统服务价值约合3.57亿元,水源涵养、环境净化、固碳释氧、产品提供、土壤保育与生物多样性保护价值占比分别为38.86％、18.12％、11.15％、16.81％、7.47％和7.59％.其中,马尾松群落每年的单位面积生态系统服务价值约为39 029元/hm2,桉树群落约为12 011元/hm2.以2005年水库集水区生态系统服务价值为基准,2006-2015年水库集水区共损失生态系统服务价值2.83亿元.     

Boiling water treatment: A simple,rapid and effective technique for nematode and banana weevil management in banana and plantain (Musa spp.) planting material

We studied the effect of treating banana and plantain (Musa spp.) suckers using boiling water for the generation of healthy planting material. Small, medium and large-sized suckers of two East African highland bananas (cvs. Mbwazirume, Kibuzi, AAA-EA) and one of plantain (cv. Agbagba, AAB) were dipped in boiling water for 10, 20 or 30 s after root removal and corm (sucker) paring. Treatments were compared with a conventional farmer method (control), which was not pared or treated with boiling water, and also with pared only. At three months after treatment, germination, plant height and girth of plants were similar within sucker size and between treatments for each cultivar. Root health was improved by boiling water treatment for all cultivars compared to untreated controls. Boiling water treatment of suckers reduced combined nematode densities of Helicotylenchus multicinctus, Radopholus similis and Meloidogyne spp. to 0.7% of farmer controls. Boiling water-treated suckers had less banana weevil damage than controls. Treatment of pared suckers for at least 20 s and up to 30 s was highly efficient for disinfesting banana and plantain planting material. This modification of the hot water treatment is a practical adaptation, suitable for smallholder growers to improve the quality of banana and plantain planting material in smallholder farms.     

澳洲坚果种质资源形态性状的遗传多样性分析

为了解引入澳洲坚果种质的遗传背景,以64份澳洲坚果种质为试材,采用41个形态性状对其进行了遗传多样性分析。41个形态性状的差异性和R型聚类分析结果表明：各性状间差异达到极显著水平;在欧氏距离（D）≈11.72处,41个性状聚为两组,组内各性状的欧氏距离较远,绝大多数性状间相对独立,对澳洲坚果种质的演化各具独立的意义,在澳洲坚果的分类中有较好的分辨能力。Q型聚类分析结果表明：64份种质的欧氏距离在3.15~12.39之间,具有较高的遗传多样性。在D≈12处可将64份种质划分为二个类群：第一类群仅包含T2 1份种质,为澳洲坚果栽培种的近缘种;第二类群包含剩下的63份种质,为澳洲坚果的栽培种。第二类群在D≈10处,可细分成3个亚类：第Ⅰ亚类包括7份种质（即695、Tet.-2、900、D4、HY、Tet.-1和广9）,属于粗壳种与光壳种的杂交种;第Ⅱ亚类包括A4和A16两个品种,属于粗壳种与光壳种的杂交种,但更偏重于光壳种;第Ⅲ亚类包括其他54份种质,都是光壳种的后代。获得的聚类结果与现有的分类体系一致;同时,获得了64份种质的形态性状聚类的亲缘关系图,其在生产种植中的品种搭配、育种中的杂交亲本选择和引种方面都具有指导意义。     

两种黄瓜砧木（南瓜）幼苗对NaCl胁迫的渗透调节响应

摘要: 以两种黄瓜砧木中国南瓜(Cucurbita moschata)杂交种“360-3×112-2”和黑籽南瓜（C. ficifolia）的幼苗为试材,在营养液培养的条件下进行80mmol?L-1 NaC1胁迫,研究了南瓜幼苗的生长、相对含水量、各器官的渗透势和叶片中渗透调节物质含量的变化。结果表明,NaCl胁迫后,两种南瓜幼苗的生长显著受到抑制,“360-3×112-2”幼苗的耐盐性比黑籽南瓜强,“360-3×112-2”幼苗的相对含水量降低较少,各器官的渗透势降低较多,叶片中渗透调节物质含量增加较多。较高的耐盐性与它具较强的渗透调节能力有关。     

潜根线虫对稻苗根系侵染的影响

盆栽接种试验表明,在水稻胚芽期潜根线虫（Hirschmanniella spp.）可以侵染胚及幼根,但不侵染幼芽;对种子萌发和成苗率无明显影响。潜根线虫在土壤介质中对水稻根系的侵入量显著大于在水、沙介质中的水稻根系侵入量。在土壤营养丰富的条件下,低密度的潜根线虫量侵染能刺激水稻苗须根产生,但在中、高接种量下明显抑制了须根量的产生。     

澜沧江自然保护区珍稀濒危保护植物研究

澜沧江自然保护区为国际著名河流澜沧江的直接汇水区。采用样地调查、线路调查并结合询问的方法,对保护区的珍稀濒危保护植物进行种类、分布特点、生境、所在群落特征、种群数量、更新及人为利用状况和受威胁程度等方面的调查。发现国家级保护植物6种、我国珍稀濒危植物6种、云南省级保护植物11种,以及CITES公约附录Ⅱ的保护植物（均为兰科植物）33种。保护区海拔为1500～3426m,上述植物的物种丰富度随海拔梯度变化的规律表现出典型的单峰曲线特征;在海拔2200～2500（2600）m达到峰值,占55种植物的73%。针对该保护区内珍稀濒危物种的威胁现状,认为：中低海拔段（1500～2200m）人为影响显著,适生生境减少和退化,要重点进行植被的恢复和加强保护管理;中海拔段2200～2500（2600）m,人为影响较少,主要是加强宣传和巡护管理;海拔2500（2600）m以上的较高海拔段,管理上注意控制放牧,并杜绝火灾的发生。云南红豆杉、石斛、水青树和合果木等5种种群数量最少且受人为干扰最严重,要优先开展种群调查和监测,采集不同的种源进行人工扩繁,保持和扩大它们的野生居群数量,维持和丰富其遗传多样性。