斜流泵叶轮和导叶叶片数对压力脉动的影响

为了研究斜流泵叶轮和导叶由于动静相干作用(RSI)而引起的压力脉动规律,基于标准k-ε湍流模型、SIMPLEC算法和滑移网格技术,根据叶轮和导叶叶片数及其叶片厚度设计了多种计算方案,并对不同方案的斜流泵模型进行了非定常数值模拟．采用叶轮进口、叶轮出口和导叶内部布点监测压力的方法获得了压力脉动曲线,并基于时域图分析了叶轮叶片数、导叶叶片数及其厚度对斜流泵内部压力脉动特性的影响．数值计算结果表明:斜流泵叶轮叶片动静干涉对整个流场的压力脉动影响较大,叶轮叶片数越少,叶轮进、出口压力脉动幅值越大;在设计工况下,导叶内部的压力脉动波形主要受叶轮叶片数影响,而导叶厚度对导叶内部压力脉动影响较小．研究结论将为斜流泵的设计和稳定运行提供参考．     

液压阀口二级节流特性

为了研究阀口二级节流特性,分析了U型、V型及其组合形式节流槽的几何特征,并在此基础上简化计算其节流面积,得出以阀口开度X为自变量的节流截面面积比,发现对于U型槽随着阀口开度X的变化其最小节流截面存在着转移现象,而V型槽则不存在.另外引入空化气蚀指数σ,计算以阀口开度为自变量的U型槽和V型槽空化气蚀特性函数并做出了气蚀指数曲线,分析节流槽进出口压力变化时空化气蚀特性的变化并通过试验验证,发现U型槽随着阀口开度的变化空化气蚀剧烈区的位置会发生相应的转移,而V型槽则不发生变化;当U型和V型槽的液流进出口翻转时,其气蚀指数的大小会发生明显的变化.由节流槽刚度计算式推导了U、V型节流槽的刚度理论计算式,并得出了在不同进出口压力差和不同阀口开度下的刚度曲线,研究结果为工程人员设计高性能液压阀提供了一定的理论依据.     

主要农作物转基因飘流频率和距离的数据调研与分析Ⅴ.油菜

转基因植物在批准商业化之前通常要求在控制条件下开展实验。我国规定转基因油菜田间试验的隔离距离为1 000 m,该距离大于世界上绝大多数国家和地区的规定。转基因油菜基因流研究的数据显示,自然条件下甘蓝型油菜品种间的天然异交率一般不超过3%,多数在1%以下,隔离距离和保护行可以显著降低异交率,隔离距离400 m处异交率低于0.01%。白菜型油菜、自交不亲和系和雄性不育系的异交率则要高得多。建议对转基因油菜的安全监管采取分类管理和阈值管理的原则,在0.1%允许阈值下,普通甘蓝型油菜的隔离距离可设为400 m,而以异花授粉为主的其他油菜（包括白菜型油菜与其他类型油菜的自交不亲和系和雄性不育系）的隔离距离可设为1 000 m。     

国外封闭循环水养殖系统工艺流程设计现状与展望

以发达国家成功运行的养殖系统为出发点,按照不同养殖鱼类的生活习性、水体流态以及水处理工艺特性的不同,将其归类为4种典型鱼类的循环水养殖系统工艺(常规游泳性鱼类、鲆鲽类、鲑鳟类、鳗鲡等),分析探讨每种工艺的设计理念、设计思路等,总结工艺流程设计技术特征,展望未来发展趋势,提出循环水养殖工艺流程设计较为特殊的3种模式,从而为封闭循环水养殖系统设计提供技术参考。     

The role of river flow in the migration of adult Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar,through estuaries and rivers

An assumption of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., management is that river flow influences their upstream migration; but the quantitative relationships between flow and movements are variable and inconsistent. A consensus has emerged that standard rules on salmon flow needs for water management across all rivers are unattainable. However, this does not preclude an underlying conceptual framework that should guide a consistent scientific basis to flow management for protecting salmon. This article examines the potential for a conceptual framework from a British Isles perspective, assuming that upstream migration is an emergent property from selection to optimise lifetime fitness. The template for this adaptation is the diversity of river types and hydro‐morphology in British rivers coupled with life‐history and migration adaptations that may be influenced by flow‐related factors. Models of adult salmon migration through estuaries and rivers are outlined that may provide a basis for developing generic guidance.     

The role of the UK conservation agencies in protecting river flows

Abstract An outline is given of the scale and nature of special wildlife designations in the UK river network, the general approach of the UK conservation agencies to their evaluation and management, and the specific way in which impacts of river flows are handled. The need for a holistic ecological and biodiversity view of water resource impacts on river systems is stressed, within which the specific needs of individual species, such as Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., can be framed. An approach founded on the provision of a natural flow regime within a natural physical channel not only provides the most suitable conditions for characteristic riverine wildlife to flourish but also provides the best local defence against global climate change. Arguments are made for a future focus on the generic evidence base for flow targets and its strengthening through strategic and demonstrably fit‐for‐purpose research. The practical constraints to an approach based on protection of the natural flow regime are discussed. Ultimately, transparent separation and consideration of what river ecosystems really need, and what can realistically be provided, is the key to shared ownership of the water resource dilemma.     

我国西南地区典型县城气温演变特征——以贵州省湄潭县为例(英文)

利用线性趋势法对湄潭县1951 ~2009年逐日气温资料进行分析。结果表明,湄潭县气温总体呈上升趋势,以1980年为转折点,之前呈下降趋势,其后气温增加趋势加快。其中,年平均气温、年极端最高气温、年极端最低气温的气候倾向率分别为0.11、0.08和0·36℃/10 a;春、夏、秋、冬平均温度的气候倾向率分别为0.12、0.07、0.12、0.13℃/10 a。采用Morlet小波函数分析气温变化周期性,其存在不同尺度的周期,但自2000年以后不同时间尺度上大部分处在增温时期;且极端最高气温和最低气温的周期性具有一定规律:20世纪70年代之前,两者具有相反的变化规律,其极值交互发生;而20世纪80年代后期,两者具有相似的变化规律,其极值同时发生。在全球变暖背景下,湄潭县气温演变对全球变暖响应明显。     

Performance of hybrids between transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and wild Brassica juncea: An evaluation of potential for transgene escape

Understanding the potential for the evolution of herbicide tolerance in weeds following gene flow from transgenic crops is important for their management. The inter-specific hybrids formed between four Brassica juncea populations with different glyphosate-susceptibility and transgenic oilseed rape was studied, emphasizing on the possible population difference. Compared with both parents, the fitness-related components and photosynthetic capacity of hybrids decreased dramatically, but significant differences were observed among different hybrids. All F₁ hybrids exhibited highly enhanced but similar herbicide tolerance level regardless of the wild B. juncea parent, indicating that genetically engineered herbicide tolerance may over-dominate phenotype ones by wild-crop hybridization. The analysis of parental loci transmission revealed a higher transfer ratio of male-specific loci detected in F₁ hybrids, suggesting that oilseed rape genetic markers can be transferred at relatively high frequencies to the next generation. Therefore, higher transfer ratio of oilseed rape-specific loci, coupled with variation of populations in fitness-related parameters in F₁ hybrids, could complicate environmental risk assessment of transgenic oilseed rape, especially in current agroecosystems with increasing application of glyphosate.     

不同杀青工艺对松阳香茶品质的影响

本文针对松阳香茶存在的色泽不绿,香气不高等品质问题,采用不同杀青温度和不同的投叶量处理,研究其对松阳香茶品质的影响。结果表明：其他工艺相同的基础上,采用80型滚筒杀青机杀青,下锅温度以250℃,投叶量在100kg／h时,炒制的香茶品质最佳。