Analysis of the Lignin Contents and Related Enzymes Activities in Seed Coat Between Black-Seeded and Yellow-Seeded Rapes (Brassica napus L.)

One pair of near isonegic yellow/black seeded rape (Brassica napus L) were used as experimental materials to study the changes of lignin contents and enzymes activities of 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL), Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H) in seedcoats during the stage of seed development. The variation analysis showed that the changes of lignin contents and enzyme activities of 4CL, CAD and F5H in seed coat had significant differences between black- and yellow-seeded rapes, and also between different development stages. The correlation analysis demonstrated that the lignin contents were positively correlative to the activities of all three enzymes investigated in the study, and the interactions between them in the seed coat of the two lines. For yellow-seeded rape, the correlation coefficient (0.7262018) of lignin content and the interaction between 4CL and F5H was significant, the lignin contents were highly positively correlative to the activities of CAD and F5H, the interaction between 4CL and CAD, and the interaction between CAD and F5H. For the black-seeded rape, only the lignin content was highly positively correlative to the activity of F5H (the correlation coefficient was 0.772949), the other correlation coefficients, i. e. lignin contents to 4CL, CAD activities, the interactions between the three enzymes were not significant although all the correlation coefficients were above 0.5000. The results suggested that 4CL, CAD and F5H regulated the biosynthesis of lignin in seedcoat of rapes,leading to the lignin contents in the seedcoats of the yellow-seeded rape much lower than that of the black-seeded line,and affecting the thickness of the developing seedcoats in rapes. Therefore, it was likely to change the seedcoat ratio by overexpressing or suppressing the activities of one of the enzymes, both of them or all of them.     

生物质燃油燃烧器的研究与设计

随着生物质热裂解制油技术的发展,为适应其工业化大规模生产,需要一款可以提供稳定的且高效率的生物燃油燃烧器,而传统的燃烧器很难将生物燃油充分燃烧,因此笔者设计一种生物燃油燃烧器,通过对燃烧器的工作原理和主要技术参数研究与确定,对燃烧机的结构进行了重新设计.该燃烧器结构简单,装配方便,可以将生物燃油进行三级雾化,燃烧效率高.     

3种木质素降解菌的筛选及对构树降解的研究

[目的]筛选高效降解木质素的菌种。[方法]通过马铃薯琼脂平板培养、马铃薯液体摇瓶培养和变色反应,对采自吉文山枯木中的木质素降解菌进行了筛选,并对其降解构树的卡伯值和纤维素进行了测定。[结果]共筛选出3种对木质素降解能力较强的菌种,分别为JWS-1、JWS-2和向日葵菌核病菌。[结论]为进一步研究生物制浆奠定了基础。     

农作物秸秆处理技术的研究进程

简述了几种主要农作物秸秆处理的技术路线(秸秆还田、饲料化、热解和厌氧发酵、工业生产原料及其他秸秆加工)的研究发展,以期为寻找适合我国各地方的秸秆处理技术提供参考。     

广西西北喀斯特不同植被不同土层的土壤颗粒有机质

以广西西北喀斯特地区不同植被(草丛、灌丛、原生林)生态系统表层(0～10 cm)及深层(70～100 cm)土壤为研究对象,采用热裂解–气相–质谱(Pyr–TMAH–GC/MS)技术,研究不同植被表层与深层土壤颗粒有机质(POM)的变化特征。结果表明:表层土壤的pH值、有机碳、总氮、总磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均随植被的正向演替呈上升趋势;草丛表层土壤的有机碳、总磷和碱解氮含量均显著高于深层土壤的(P0.05);灌丛表层土壤的有机碳、总氮、总磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于深层土壤的(P0.05),灌丛表层土壤的pH值和总钾含量显著低于深层土壤的(P0.05);原生林表层土壤的总磷、速效磷和速效钾含量显著高于深层土壤的(P0.05);随着植被的正向演替,土壤POM总量呈增加趋势,表层土壤POM总量显著高于深层土壤的;土壤POM热裂解产物类型主要有木质素类、酚类、芳烃、多环芳烃及脂类化合物,木质素类化合物仅存在于表层土壤,稠环芳烃(此处指除萘和茚外的多环芳烃)占比则随植被的正向演替呈下降趋势;植被显著影响POM总量和POM热裂解产物中对羟基苯基、稠环芳烃、脂肪酸、正构烯烃、萘、氰的占比,土层深度显著影响POM总量和POM热裂解产物中对羟基苯基、愈创木基、丁香酚基、茚、脂肪酸、酮、苯、烷基苯、酚类和氰的占比,植被与土层的交互作用显著影响POM热裂解产物中对羟基苯基、萜烯和脂肪酸的占比;POM总量与有机碳、总氮、总磷、碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷含量呈显著正相关,与容重和总钾含量呈显著负相关,稠环芳烃与有机碳、总氮、总磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量呈显著负相关,且碱解氮和pH值显著影响POM化合物组成。可见,在喀斯特地区,土壤POM含量能反映土壤中潜在活性养分含量,可作为喀斯特地区评价不同植被恢复对土壤有机质库及土壤质量动态变化影响的敏感指标。     

GC-MS and IR spectroscopic analyses of the lignin-derived products from softwood and hardwood treated in supercritical water

Softwood (Cryptomeria japonica) and hardwood (Fagus crenata) were treated in supercritical water (380°C, 100 MPa) for 8 s. The treated woods were fractionated to the water-soluble portion, methanol-soluble portion, and methanol-insoluble residues. For the methanol-soluble portion, which mainly consisted of lignin-derived products, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analyses were conducted to clarify the molecular weight distribution and to identify the monomeric products, respectively. GPC analysis revealed that the methanol-soluble portion contains monomeric and some oligomeric products. GC-MS analysis identified 19 guaiacyl compounds in the methanol-soluble portion from softwood, and 15 syringyl monomeric compounds in the methanol-soluble portion from hardwood. The structures of identified products included not only phenyl propane (C₆—C₃) units but also C₆—C₂ and C₆—C₁ units. In addition, the infrared spectra suggested that the methanol-soluble portion maintains the typical structure of lignin, although it is rich in condensed-type linkages with some changes in the propyl side chain. These results indicate that the supercritical water treatment cleaves not only ether linkages but also part of the propyl chains in lignin to give various aromatic compounds.     

双孢菇菌糠生物炭吸附Pb2+机制及其环境应用潜力

为了有效去除水体中的重金属Pb~(2+),开发利用菌糠生物炭吸附剂,以双孢菇菌糠(MS)为原料,在350、550、750℃下限氧热解制备生物炭(MS350、MS550、MS750),并利用FTIR、XRD等技术对吸附前后的生物炭样品进行表征;通过批量吸附、定性和定量分析以及萃取实验,研究菌糠生物炭对Pb~(2+)的吸附特性、机理及吸附后样品的稳定性能。结果表明:随着热解温度的升高,样品的产率降低,pH值升高,芳香性增强。准二级动力学方程和Freundlich模型能够较好地符合MS350、MS550的吸附过程,而MS750以准二级动力学和Langmuir模型较好符合。相较于MS350和MS550,MS750吸附性能最好,经Langmuir模型拟合,MS750的最大吸附量为266.23 mg·g-1。溶液pH值影响生物炭的吸附性能,在pH值2.0～7.0的范围内,吸附量随溶液pH值升高而增加。机理分析表明:吸附机理包括矿物沉淀、阳离子交换、含氧官能团络合以及π电子配位;其中,矿物沉淀(CO_3~(2-), SO_4~(2-))是主要的吸附机制,其贡献率随热解温度升高而增加。萃取实验表明:经吸附后,3种生物炭上的Pb~(2+)均以酸溶态铅和非生物利用态铅为主,说明吸附后的铅具有较好稳定性能,两种形态的铅占总吸附量的大小顺序为:MS750(98.65%)MS550(95.91%)MS350(86.51%)。综合分析表明,MS750较其他温度生物炭不仅吸附性能更好,而且吸附后稳定性更强,故在环境应用上具有更大的潜力。     

水杨酸诱导辣椒抗疫病生化机制的研究

对水杨酸(SA)处理及其挑战接种辣椒疫霉菌的4个抗性不同的辣椒品系体内木质素含量和多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性的测定结果表明:SA诱导的供试品系与未经诱导的相同品系相比,木质素含量增高,PPO、POD、PAL活性增强,其中木质素的含量与抗病性呈显著正相关;挑战接种后两者相比,SA处理的供试材料的木质素含量和PPO、POD、PAL活性的增强幅度更大,其中抗、耐病品系的增加早且增加幅度高于感病、高感品系。值得注意的是,经SA诱导的各供试品系接种后木质素含量与抗病性也呈显著相关。木质素含量与相关酶活性的上述变化趋势与SA对各品系的诱抗效果完全吻合。     

生物质成型燃料的热解燃烧特性试验研究

研究了棉杆成型块等生物质固体燃料在小型移动层上吸式热解燃烧炉中的热特性.结果表明,密度较大的棉杆成型块升温速率和降温速率均较低,挥发份的逸出时间增加,高温燃烧时间延长,炉子的热效率提高.棉杆成型块在炉胆中的充填量对可燃气体的稳定燃烧和高温火焰的持续时间影响显著.填满炉胆的棉杆成型块的燃烧性能优于棉杆,其燃烧热效率达39.3%,为棉杆的1.72倍.     

不同苗龄对甜椒穴盘老化苗形成的影响

设置T1(60 d)、T2(55 d)、T3(50 d)、T4(45 d)和T5(40 d)5个苗龄处理,研究其对甜椒穴盘苗老化程度的影响。结果表明,甜椒穴盘苗老化程度与苗龄大小呈现明显的相关性,T1、T2木质素含量、MDA含量明显高于T3、T4、T5。木质素和MDA决定着植株老化程度的严重性。因此,T1、T2老化程度加重。T1、T2抗寒性电解质渗透率分别较T3、T4、T5下降了21.03%、16.65%,10.53%、5.57%,6.45%、1.25%。说明老化的甜椒幼苗对外界环境的适应能力下降。但是T4、T5由于甜椒幼苗各个器官发育不健全,壮苗指标低于T3,并且达到显著差异性水平。试验研究得出,在50孔穴盘育苗的情况下,甜椒最佳育苗时间为50 d。