人工针叶用材林生态系统涵养水源功能的研究

从树冠截留降雨、枯落物持水及土壤蓄水三个方面对辽东山区人工针叶用材林生态系统的涵养水源功能进行了定量研究。结果表明:各人工针叶用材林生态系统树冠的截流率为18.3%~28.5%;枯落物贮量为10.1~19.4 t.hm-2,枯落物最大持水量取决于枯落物贮量及其最大持水率,最大持水率为自身干重的1.5~2.5倍;0~40 cm土层的土壤蓄水量为840~1520 t.hm-2。综合分析表明:6种人工针叶用材林的涵养水源功能主要决定于土壤蓄水量,树冠截留雨水和枯落物持水起辅助和调节作用,其中,长白落叶松林的涵养水源功能最强,其次是华山松林、日本落叶松林、红松林、油松林,而云杉林的涵养水源功能相对最弱。     

Effects of the interaction between drought and shade on water relations, gas exchange and morphological traits in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings

The combined effect of drought and light on different physiological and biochemical traits was assessed in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings grown under two levels of light availability and submitted to a long-standing drought. Watering was withdrawn after germination and seedlings were allowed to dry to a water content of ca. 50% of field capacity. At this point, water-stressed seedlings were grown under moderate drought and two light regimes: high light (HL—50%) and low light (LL—2%). Soil water in control plants was kept close to field capacity (90–100%) for both light environments. Water-relations parameters derived from P–V curves, gas exchange and water status at predawn (Ψ_pd) were evaluated at twice during the experiment. Nitrogen and chlorophyll contents were determined in the same leaves used for the gas exchange measurements. In addition, maximum rate of carboxylation (V_cmax) and electronic transport (J_max) were derived from A–C_i curves in well-watered seedlings.

The variation on moisture availability during the experiment was the same under both light environments. In control plants, Ψ_pd was over −0.3 MPa at the two harvests, while stressed seedlings decreased to −0.9 MPa, with no differences between light treatments. Water stress decreased osmotic potentials at full (Ψπ₁₀₀) and zero turgor (Ψπ₀). The regressions between both potentials and Ψ_pd showed a higher intercept in shade grown seedlings. This fact will point out the higher osmoregulation capacity in sun seedlings whatever water availability.

Nitrogen investment on a per leaf mass (N_mass), chlorophyll content (Chl_mass) and SLA tended to show a typical pattern of sun-shade acclimation. Thus, the three parameters increased with shade. Only for N_mass there was a significant effect of watering, since water stress increased N_mass.

LL plants showed a lower photosynthetic capacity in terms of maximum net photosynthesis at saturating light (A_max), which was related to a decrease in V_cmax and J_max. Both parameters varied with specific leaf area (SLA) in a similar way. The low-light environment brought about a higher nitrogen investment in chlorophyll, while under high-light environment the investment was higher in carboxylation (V_cmax) and electronic transport (F_max).

Stomatal conductance to water vapour (g_wv) and A_max were lower in low-light seedlings independently of watering. In addition, there was a trend to keep higher intrinsic water use efficiency (IWUE) under high light environment. The increase of IWUE under water stress was higher in HL seedlings. This was as consequence of the steeper decline in g_wv as Ψ_pd decreased. The decrease of A_max with Ψ_pd occurred in a similar way in LL and HL seedlings. Thus, the HL seedlings tended to sustain a higher ability to increase IWUE than LL seedlings when they were submitted to the same water stress.     

杂交棉标杂A1和石杂2号超高产冠层特性及其与群体光合生产的关系

在田间自然条件下, 以标杂A₁、石杂2号为材料, 研究了超高产(3 500 kg hm^-2以上)杂交棉冠层的叶面积配置、叶倾角和光分布等冠层特性的变化及与群体光合生产的关系。结果表明, 超高产条件下杂交棉叶面积指数高且持续期长, 群体叶面积配置与光分布较均匀, 花铃期冠层中部有较好的透光性, 吐絮期底部漏光损失较小, 整个冠层仍保持较高的光吸收率。超高产杂交棉不仅群体光合速率峰值高, 而且高值持续时间长, 生育后期非叶器官仍维持较高的光合能力, 特别是茎的光合贡献率为常规高产棉花的1.6~4.9倍, 这是杂交棉在生育后期能保证群体光合优势的一个重要原因。超高产杂交棉的棉铃干物质空间分布与叶分布、光分布和冠层光合分布的比例吻合程度较高, 保证了光能的有效利用, 促进同化物及时向棉铃转运, 有利于挖掘杂交棉品种的增产潜力。     

Postharvest pigmentation in red Chinese sand pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) in response to optimum light and temperature

The development of red color in the peel of red Chinese sand pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) is influenced by temperature and light; however, the response patterns vary among different cultivars. In this study, we systematically investigated the influence of postharvest treatment with various temperatures (low, high, variant and constant) on detached mature fruit of red Chinese sand pear ‘Mantianhong’ and ‘Meirensu’. Fruit of red apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) ‘Royal Gala’ and red European pear (P. communis L.) ‘Cascade’ received the same treatments for comparison. Furthermore, the effects of light quality and irradiance level on ‘Mantianhong’ pears were evaluated at the optimum temperature for anthocyanin accumulation. Fruit firmness and concentrations of total soluble sugars and organic acids were measured to determine fruit quality. The effect of temperature on red Chinese sand pear fruit color was similar to that of apples, but not European pear. Moreover, low temperature more effectively induced red coloration in ‘Mantianhong’ and ‘Meirensu’ pears than high temperature; anthocyanin levels increased with increasing irradiance level from 0 to 532 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, and UV-B and visible light synergistically improved the red color of the fruit. Therefore, a combination of low temperature and high intensity of UV-B/visible light could improve the postharvest coloration of red sand pear fruit. The results will contribute to an improved understanding of the mechanism responsible for the coloration of red Chinese sand pears and will aid development of new techniques to improve color in postharvest fruit.     

燕麦叶片光合速率、气孔导度对光强和CO_2的响应与模拟

为指导燕麦生产,并了解燕麦在陆地生态系统水-碳循环过程中的作用,用LI-6400便携式光合测定仪,人工控制光强和CO2浓度,在锡林郭勒盟对燕麦叶片光合速率、气孔导度进行了研究,结果表明:燕麦叶片光合速率随光强的增强而增大,可以用米氏方程对其进行描述,在自然CO2浓度下,燕麦叶片的潜在最大光合速率为18.63μmol/(m2·s);在饱和光强下,光合速率随CO2浓度的增大而增大,也可以用米氏方程对其进行描述,CO2浓度→∞时,潜在最大光合速率达到110.28 μmol/(m2·s);气孔导度随光强的增强而增大,随CO2浓度的增大而减小;气孔限制值随光强的增强而增大,气孔限制值随CO2浓度的增大迅速增大,而[CO2]>200 μmol/mol时,气孔限制值基本保持恒定.     

玉米群体光分布特征及其对产量和品质的影响

通过测定不同种植密度玉米群体的光能分布,研究了群体光能分布特征对玉米产量和品质的影响,结果显示,只有光照条件适宜的群体,才能充分利用光能,并可获得高产优质的玉米子粒。     

Effect of Branch Direction's Arrangement on Soybean Yield and Yield Components

Useful light interception during reproductive stages is very important for soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) dry matter production. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the light utilization in the canopy for yield, and its components in the case of arranging branch direction to row direction with flat type (1/2 phyllotaxy) soybean. The field study was conducted in the field at Niigata University on a loamy sand soil at 25, 16 and 9 plants m⁻² in 1994, 1995 and 1996, using cultivar 'Miyagishirome' (Maturity Group VII or VIII, phyllotaxy 1/2; branches develop flatly) with treatments so that branches developed at right angles direction (Type R) and in a parallel direction (Type P) to the direction of the row.
Total dry weight (TDW) was greater in Type R than in Type P. A higher leaf area index (LAI) was shown in Type R than in Type P in each plant density among the three years. More light penetrated into the canopy in Type R than in Type P. Higher TDW and LAI were produced by effective light interception at the canopy of Type R.
Yield and its components were greater in higher than lower density and tended to be greater in Type R than in Type P. Increased yield depend on seed, pod and node number m⁻². The increase of yield components in Type R was suggested to be due to favorable light condition in the canopy, compared with Type P.     

VSC-HVDC输电系统的特点与应用

轻型直流输电系统是基于VSC技术的新型直流输电技术。介绍轻型直流输电基本原理,对比轻型直流输电技术与传统直流输电技术在结构和功能方面的区别,阐述轻型直流输电的优点,并对其应用进行总结和展望,以期为轻型直流输电技术在我国的应用和发展提供一定参考。     

Population demography and fecundity do not decline with habitat fragmentation in the rainforest tree Macadamia integrifolia (Proteaceae)

Habitat fragmentation is often associated with reduced levels of fitness and local extinction of plant species, and consequently poses a major threat to the persistence of species worldwide. The majority of demography-based fragmentation studies to date have focussed primarily on fragmentation impacts on individual plant fecundity. Here we investigate the impact of habitat fragmentation on the demography (plant height classes and density) and key population dynamic processes for the rainforest tree species Macadamia integrifolia (Proteaceae). Raceme and fruit production and seedling emergence across fragmented sites exceeded that in more intact sites with no apparent difference in short-term mortality rates. Fecundity of flowering trees did not appear to be affected by fragmentation. Instead, overall reproductive output in fragmented sites was enhanced relative to undisturbed sites due to a higher proportion of reproductively active individuals. The probability of flowering and fruiting was negatively correlated with the projected foliage cover (PFC) surrounding individual trees, and average PFC was significantly lower in small and medium fragments, suggesting light availability as a potential contributor to the trends observed here.This study demonstrates that the short-term effects of habitat fragmentation on population viability may not necessarily be detrimental for some species, and highlights the importance of assessing not only the fecundity of flowering individuals but also the proportion of individuals reproducing within fragments.     

Assessment and up-scaling of CO2 exchange by patches of the herbaceous vegetation mosaic in a Portuguese cork oak woodland

Long-term eddy covariance measurements over a montado oak woodland in southern Portugal have documented a vulnerability to predicted decreases in springtime rainfall, since water availability during spring limits annual CO₂ gain, the growth of fodder for animals, and the production of cork by Quercus suber. The current study examined CO₂ exchange of three different herbaceous vegetation components distributed over montado landscapes and within the footprint of long-term landscape eddy covariance monitoring studies. Simultaneous measurements with eddy covariance at two sites and with manually operated chambers at multiple locations revealed that slow drainage of shallow basins, the onset of drying at higher sites and a high release of CO₂ below tree canopies significantly influenced the overall course of montado ecosystem gas exchange during the spring.Hyperbolic light response models were employed to up-scale and compare herbaceous gas exchange with landscape net ecosystem CO₂ flux. The up-scaling demonstrates the importance of the herbaceous understory in determining annual carbon balance of the montado and suggests a relatively small additional CO₂ uptake by the tree canopies and boles, i.e., by the aboveground tree compartment, during springtime. Annual flux totals obtained during the extremely dry year 2005 and a normal precipitation year 2006 for the oak woodland and a nearby grassland were essentially the same, indicating that both ecosystems similarly exploit available resources. Based on comparisons with additional temperate grasslands, we can visualize the montado herbaceous cover as a typical European grassland canopy, but where temperature fluctuations in winter control uptake, and where total production depends on springtime rainfall as it controls phenological events and eventually dieback of the vegetation. On the other hand, tree canopies remain active longer during late spring and early summer, modifying the montado response from that of grassland. Uncertainties in flux estimates via both chamber and eddy covariance methodologies currently prevent a full understanding of vegetation/atmosphere coupling, of the recycling of CO₂ between the understory communities and trees, and of relationships between exchange rates of individual components of the vegetation mosaic and overall carbon and water balances in montado landscapes.