Quantitative Analysis on Measure Results by Resistograh for Wood Decay of Ancient Architecture

INTRODUCTION The main body of ancient architecture is wood construction in China, and the main bearing components of the buildings usually use timber, such as pillar, beam, purlin, crossbeam and rafter. Timber is a kind of biomaterial and will be damaged by fungal attack or insects after long time use, which will cause wood frames destroyed ultimately. Timber decay not only exists in its surface, but also usually begins with the inner of wood. It is therefore imperative to consider using …     

华北落叶松传粉生物学的研究

本文研究了华北落叶松雌雄球花在树冠上的分布和树冠周围花粉密度变化规律、传粉机制、胚珠接收花粉量及结实状况等。雌球花主要分布在树冠中上部2－4龄枝上，雄球花分布范围较广，且常与雌球花混生；树冠周围花粉密度与雄球花的分布密切相关，中部最大，依次向上下两端减少。依据雌球花形态特征的变化，可将传粉期为5个阶段，整个期间无传粉滴出现，由球被顶端大裂片的珠被毛接收花粉。最佳传粉期约为2天。胚珠平均接收4粒花粉，虽然胚珠接收的花粉数与饱满种子的产量有一定的关系，但并不是造成空粒的主要原因。此外，讨论了不同授粉方式对种子产量的重要意义。     

采穗园母株生根性状遗传变异和选择效应*

对３．５年生日本落叶松采穗园４个家系４０株母株生根率、生根量和偏根率遗传变异，不同生根性状间表型相关研究表明，家系间生根率、生根量和偏根率差异尚达不到０．０５的显著水平。但不同母株间上述差异均极显著。单株生根率、生根量等的遗传力大于家系，方差分量分别比家系大４～３６倍。部分家系生根率与生根量、偏根率之间相关关系紧密程度不同，但生根量与偏根率之间各家系均呈极显著负相关。根据生根率、生根量综合评价结果，按５０％入选率对采穗园进行淘汰，或用生根性状优异的母株扦插苗建第二轮采穗园，插穗生根率、生根量比总体利用水平可分别提高２０．３％和２９．８％，而又不致严重减少采穗园母株的遗传多样性。     

STUDY ON PREDICTION MODEL OF SEED CROP OF LARIX OLGENSIS SEED ORCHARD

Blossomandfruitingarethebasicoftreeregeneration.butitisusuallycon-strainedbyenvironmentalfactorsandtreephysiologicalfactors,whichleantoseed-bearingcyclicityphenomenon,andbedseedlingnursingandafforestation,andaffecttheseedlingquantityandquality.Soitisthebasicofscientificforestmanage-menttomastertheblossomandbearfluitruleandpredicatetheseedcrop.MATERIALSANDMETHODSTheGeneralSituationofExperimentalSitesTheexperimentwerecarriedoutatQingshanLarixolgenslYseedorchard,Heilongiiangprovince,an…     

Light availability and understory vegetation four years after thinning in a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix leptolepis</Emphasis> plantation of central Korea

We measured photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) beneath the forest canopy, understory species richness and diversity, and biomass in a Larix leptolepis plantation in central Korea 4 years after thinning. Four different thinning intensities (control, 10%, 20%, and 40% stocking reduction) were applied in 1997. Mean annual intercepted PAR at 30cm and 1m above ground level was significantly different among the thinning intensities and strongly correlated with the number of stems remaining after thinning. Understory species richness and diversity were lowest in the unthinned stands and increased with thinning intensity, and there were significant correlations between the total number of understory species or diversity index (Shannons diversity index, H) and the number of stems per hectare after thinning. Also understory above-ground biomass was significantly increased with thinning intensity in both sampling months (June and August 2001). Thinning increased light inputs to the ground and resulted in higher species richness and diversity and above-ground biomass. These results suggested that light availability and understory responses to thinning at a comparable intensity are likely to last well beyond the 4 years of this study.     

Tamarack and Black Spruce Growth on a Boreal Fen in Central Alberta 9 Years after Drainage

Tree growth was measured before, and 9 years after draining a boreal fen that supported a 50- to 60-year-old stand of tamarack (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.). Treatments consisted of a series of ditches spaced 30, 40 or 50 m apart, and an undrained control. Nine years after drainage, the diameter, height, basal area, and volume growth of tamarack had increased by 2–5 times that on the control site. Black spruce growth on the drained site was 1.6–5 times that on the control. Tamarack average volume growth (1.20 m³ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) on the drained site was superior to that of black spruce (0.21 m³ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). In general for both species, there were no significant differences in growth between trees on the different ditch spacings. This result was attributed to the water table being low enough that adequate aeration zones existed across the strips between ditches on all spacings. Regeneration after treatment was greater on the drained than on the control plots, particularly in the disturbed areas near the ditches where new tamarack seedlings reached densities between 9400 and 12,000 stems ha⁻¹. There was no relationship between increased tree growth and tree distance from the ditches for both species, probably because the water table had been lowered sufficiently so that inadequate substrate aeration was no longer a limiting factor.     

应用不同技术培育日本落叶松苗栽后的生长表现

用3种不同技术培育落叶松造林苗，其栽植后表现为：用落叶松子代苗造林，苗木上山后表现优异，生长旺盛，抗性好；施肥苗造林木质化不好，易干尖；常规苗上山造林应分级，选Ⅰ级苗上山造林为佳。     

外生菌根菌对高寒地区松苗猝倒病的防病效应

用外生菌根菌纯培养的固体和液体菌剂在田间落叶松、樟子松幼苗进行人工接种试验,以研究外生菌根菌对松苗猝倒病的生物防治效应。结果:1、兴安落叶松幼苗猝倒病的发病率比对照区降低14.01％～21.91％;樟子松幼苗猝倒病的发病率比对照区降低11.48％～20.26％。2、试验筛选出Suillus grevillei,Boletus sp.,Gomphidius rutilus,Russula foetens 等优良菌种。3、母种培养基以松针(浸膏)培养基、马铃薯葡萄糖麦芽汁琼脂培养基为最佳;原种培养基则以草炭(石至)石玉米粉葡萄糖松针(浸膏)培养基、草炭(石至)石MMN液培养基为最佳。     

The occurrence and pathogenicity of uni- and binucleate Rhizoctonia and Pythiaceae fungi among conifer seedlings in Finnish forest nurseries

Uni- and binucleate Rhizoctonia and Pythiaceae fungi were isolated from roots of dieback seedlings. Only binucleate Rhizoctonia strains were present in the roots of healthy seedlings. In pathogenicity tests, uninucleate Rhizoctonia sp. were pathogenic and binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. non-pathogenic. Pythium ultimum var. ultimum and Phytophthora undulata were the only Pythiaceae fungi that killed 12-week-old seedlings.     

Promotion of germination of coniferous seeds by snow stratification combined with dehydration-rehydration treatment

Five chemical and four non-chemical presowing treatments were tested on seeds of three conifers (Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr, Pinus sylvestris L. var. mongolica Litv, and Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.). By itself, cold stratification with snow for 60 days did not significantly improve the germination percentage over that of soaking the seed in warm water (45 °C) for 12 hours. However, including either one or two dehydration-rehydration cycles after the cold stratification did improve both the percentage and speed of germination of seed from all three species. Soaking seed for 12 hours in various chemicals (KNO₃, CaCl₂, CuSO₄, KMnO₄ and GA₃) before germination was less effective than the snow stratification followed by double dehydration-rehydration treatments (Chang and Lin, 1989).