广州乡土木本开花植物资源简介

简要介绍广州市乡土木本开花植物资源的基本情况,广州市共有乡土木本开花植物有93科260属632种,按照园林用途可分为风景林木类、防护林类、行道树类、孤植类、垂枝绿化类、绿篱类、造型及树桩盆景盆栽类和木本地被类。文中简要阐述了各种乡土开花植物的大致用途,并对广州市乡土木本开花植物利用现状、原因作了论述和分析,为今后合理科学地开发利用提出一些对策和建议。     

木本植物组织培养技术在林业科研与生产中的应用与局限

针对近年来全国各地植物组培研究机构的相继诞生和组培产业投资热潮,从木本植物组培技术特点、产业化现状、存在的问题及解决的方法等方面,浅析木本植物组织培养技术在科研与生产中的应用前景与局限,为广大科技工作者更好地发展我国试管快繁技术和商业应用领域的研究,客观正确预测木本植物组培技术在林业生产中推广应用的效益及避免盲目投资风险提供参考。     

Effect of pruning intensities of three woody leguminous species grown in alley cropping with maize and cowpea on an alfisol

Field trials were carried out on an Oxic Paleustalf in the humid zone of southwestern Nigeria withLeucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit,Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud. andSesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. alley cropped with maize and cowpea. The three leguminous woody species were grown in hedgerows spaced at 2 m. Trials were carried out one year after establishment of the hedgerows using a split-plot design with four replications. TheLeucaena trial had twenty pruning combinations consisting of five pruning heights (25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 cm) and four pruning frequencies (monthly, bi-, tri- and six-monthly). TheGliricidia andSesbania hedgerows were subjected to nine pruning intensities consisting of three pruning heights (25, 50 and 100 cm) and three pruning intensities (monthly, tri- and six-monthly).For the three woody species, biomass, dry wood and nitrogen yield from the hedgerow prunings increased with decreasing pruning frequency and increasing pruning height. Biomass, dry wood and nitrogen yields were in the following orderLeucaena >Gliricidia >Sesbania.The various pruning intensities had no effect on survival ofLeucaena plants. Pruning frequency had a larger effect than pruning height on survival ofGliricidia andSesbania plants. With monthly pruning, about 25 percent of theGliricidia and all of theSesbania plants died within six months of repeated pruning. Even with lower pruning frequencySesbania plants showed lower survival rates thanGliricidia orLeucaena.The various pruning intensities of all the hedgerow species had more pronounced effects on the grain yield of the alley cropped cowpea than on maize grain yield. Higher maize and cowpea yields were obtained with increasing pruning frequency and decreasing pruning height.IITA Journal paper number 335     

Woody and herbaceous competition effects on the growth of naturally regenerated loblolly and shortleaf pines through 11 years

Four levels of vegetative competition were used to quantify the growth of loblolly and shortleaf pines (Pinus taeda L. and P. echinata Mill.) in naturally regenerated, even-aged stands on the Upper Coastal Plain of southeastern Arkansas, USA. Treatments included: (1) no competition control, (2) woody competition control, (3) herbaceous competition control, and (4) total control of nonpine vegetation. After pines became established from natural seeding, herbicides were used to control herbaceous plants for 4 consecutive years and woody plants for 5 consecutive years. Even though 89% of crop pines on untreated check plots were free-to-grow 11 years after establishment, crop pines on vegetation control plots were larger (P<0.001) in mean dbh, total height, and volume per tree. From age 5 through 11 years, crop pine diameter growth increased on woody control plots and decreased on herbaceous control plots because of hardwood competition in the latter treatment. At age 11, crop pine volume production averaged 207 m³/ha on total control plots, 158 m³/ha on herbaceous control plots, 130 m³/ha on woody control plots, and 102 m³/ha on untreated check plots.     

豆科树种无性快速繁殖技术研究与进展

豆科树种目前已广泛应用于荒山绿化、饲用及观赏。文中从扦插(嫩枝扦插、硬枝扦插、根插)，组织培养等方面综述了豆科树种无性快速繁殖技术的研究和进展。指出目前豆科树种嫩枝扦插技术研究还局限在对某一树种繁殖途径的探索阶段；硬枝扦插技术研究较为系统和深入，对不同树种扦插生根的影响因素有了比较深入的了解，并因此建立起较为成熟的技术体系；根插方法简单，成活率高，但是研究普遍较少；豆科树种组织培养虽较为困难，但某些树种也已经建立起了较为完善的再生体系。此外，还对豆科树种快速繁殖的生理基础研究进行了讨论，建议加大对豆科树种快速繁殖技术和生理机制的研究力度，为解决优良种质资源快速扩繁奠定基础。     

湖南保靖县白云山木本植物区系的研究

保靖白云山地区植物属我国华中植物区系的武陵山、巫山植物亚区；有木本植物９９科，２８４属，６３１种，木本植物区系具有丰富性、古老性、过渡性和地带特有性的特点．其起源为第三纪古热带植物区系基础上发育而来．因地质、地形和气候等因素的影响，白云山植物有明显的石灰岩山地特有种和一定数量的华南植物区系成分．该地区木本植物很有保护和利用价值．     

几种公路绿化树种的扦插繁殖

根据多年的试验实践，总结出适合于公路绿化的６种乔灌木意杨、银杏、金叶千头柏、蜀桧栀子花和红叶小蘖，并介绍了这些树种的生长特性以及最适宜的扦插繁殖技木，将对今后的公路绿化有一定参考价值。     

Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) plantation — An age old agroforestry system in Eastern Himalayas

Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is a shade loving plant grown in the Indian hill states of Sikkim and Dargeeling district of West Bengal. About 30 important tree species are used to provide shade to the cardamom plants. Alnus nepalensis, a deciduous, nitrogen fixing and fast growing tree, is the species most commonly underplanted with cardamom. In addition to providing shade, it is also used for fuelwood. The old trees are cut and young plants coming up are allowed to grow in cyclic order. The quick decomposing leaf litter of A. nepalensis also fertilises the cardamom plants. The nitrogen added to the soil in this way has been found to be as high as 249 kg/ha. Large cardamom thrives well in a moist soil, which is maintained by water diverted from seasonal springs on the upper slopes. The system is well suited to conserving soil, water and tree cover of the characteristically steep slopes of the region. Moreover, the management inputs required for growing cardamom are low but the crop gives a higher financial return than rice or maize. The shade trees used in the system are also a major source of fuel, fodder and timber, especially as access to state owned forests is restricted by legislation. However, increasing incidence of viral chirkey and foorkey disease, panicle rot and capsule borer are reducing the cardamom productivity. It has been observed that integrating dairying and apiculture will further augment profitability from large cardamom agroforestry system.     

湘中丘陵区马尾松林粗木质残体研究

以湘中丘陵区马尾松林为研究对象,分析粗木质残体(CWD)的储量特征、物种组成、径级结构以及腐烂等级,研究湘中丘陵区马尾松林CWD的基本特征。结果表明:湘中丘陵区马尾松林CWD的平均储量为1.72 t/hm2,马尾松和杉木是针叶CWD的主要组成树种,樟树、南酸枣、枫香是阔叶CWD的主要组成树种。马尾松-阔叶树种混交林的CWD总储量显著大于马尾松-杉木混交林的,两者的CWD总储量与其对应森林总生物量的比例差异明显,且均表现为随森林生物量增长而增加的趋势。CWD的个体数量随着径级的增加而减少,呈反J型下降趋势,且不同存在形式CWD的数量比例大致表现为倒木枯立木大枝根桩。CWD具备完整的腐烂等级(Ⅰ~Ⅴ级),主要集中在Ⅰ、Ⅱ腐烂等级,且随着径级的增加,各腐烂等级CWD的数量比例呈现逐渐减少的趋势。     

精制和除臭工艺对大黄鱼肝油品质影响分析

为了开发优质大黄鱼肝油,探究其在精制过程及不同脱臭处理时的品质变化。本研究对大黄鱼肝粗提油采用四个过程精制(脱胶、脱酸、脱色、旋蒸脱臭)以及不同脱臭方法(旋蒸、固相吸附、脱臭液、GTP)处理后的理化性质、脂肪酸和挥发性风味成分进行了全面的分析。结果表明：在四个精制阶段的理化性质方面,精制鱼油的酸价与粗鱼油相比降低了63.50%,碘值提高了1.19倍,过氧化值降低了39.02%,其理化性质得到了显著的改善。脂肪酸的相对含量优化效果明显,大黄鱼肝油的饱和脂肪酸增加了1.20倍、多不饱和脂肪酸增加了1.71倍以及EPA、DHA含量增加了1.84倍。粗鱼肝油中油脂味、鱼腥味和酸味重,精制可以改善其风味,脱胶、脱酸对风味影响较小,脱色对风味有一定改善,但主要影响鱼油风味是脱臭工艺,可以显著降低其油脂味、鱼腥味和酸味。在不同脱臭方法的比较中,脱臭液脱臭可使鱼肝油酸价达到最低0.24±0.07 mg KOH/g,而绿茶多酚(GTP)脱臭可有效降低鱼肝油氧化值(1.56±0.19 mmol/kg),且在风味中还会形成愉悦的清香味,总体效果更佳。该研究为大黄鱼肝开发,生产富含高不饱和脂肪酸且风味品质均佳的鱼肝油生产技术提供理论依据。