巨峰葡萄“3414”肥效试验

对巨峰葡萄氮磷钾施肥量进行＂3414＂回归试验,结果表明：在当地条件下,巨峰葡萄每667 m2施用N 15 kg、P2O5 12 kg、K2O 18 kg表现最佳,各种农艺性状和品质性状突出,增产、增收明显。     

Organic C levels in intensively managed arable soils – long-term regional trends and characterization of fractions

Substantial losses of soil organic carbon (SOC) from the plough layer of intensively managed arable soils in western Europe have recently been reported, but these estimates are associated with very large uncertainties. Following soil surveys in 1952 and 1990 of arable soils in West Flanders (Belgium), we resampled 116 sites in 2003 and thus obtained three paired measurements of the OC stocks in these soils. Ten soils were selected for detailed physical fractionation to obtain possible further explanations for changes in SOC stocks. Between 1990 and 2003, the SOC stocks decreased at an average rate of ?0.19 t OC ha^?1 year^?1. This loss is significant but is still less than half the rate of SOC decrease that was estimated previously for the whole region of Flanders, which includes the study area. Variation in SOC stocks or in the magnitude of SOC stock losses could not be related to soil texture, to changes in ploughing depth, or to recent land‐use changes. A good relationship, however, was found between the SOC losses and organic matter (OM) inputs. The results of the physical fractionation also suggested management to be the predominant factor determining variation in SOC stocks because no correlation was found between soil texture and the absolute amounts of OC present in the largest OM fractions, that is, the OC in free particulate organic matter (POM), and OC associated with the silt + clay size fraction. The proportion of OC in free POM was up to 40% of the total OC, which indicates the important impact of management on SOC and also indicates that a substantial part of the SOC still present, may in the future be lost at a time scale of years to decades assuming that the intensive management continues.     

网络仿真实验系统的研究与实现

本文综合利用Sniffer协议分析技术,开发出一套高效实用的计算机网络实验系统.在构建一种新的基于Sniffer计算机网络协议分析模型上,系统通过截获各种协议数据包来实现计算机网络协议的分析,并在协议分析的基础上确定网络故障、病毒等,给出了常用的网络实验的主要内容及使用的主要工具,并对其中的一个实验进行了详细说明.     

代谢组学方法研究进展

目前,代谢组学主要是以LC-MS、GC-MS和NMR为分析平台来进行相关的试验分析。代谢组学一般的试验流程包括前期试验方案设计、样品的前处理、仪器进样分析、数据处理与分析、阐释相关生物学意义。     

《京都议定书》第二承诺期中国森林碳汇市场发展探讨

抵御气候变化、遏制全球气候变暖是当今人类社会发展所面临的重大挑战之一。虽然当前国际碳市场存在诸多不确定因素,前景也十分不明朗,但随着世界各国的广泛参与,碳市场的参与主体将日趋多元化,碳交易体系也将日益成熟与完善。建议设定科学合理的减排指标,明确减排责任以确保我国碳市场的有效需求,同时通过建设符合实际、科学严格的计量和监测体系,营建林业碳汇的信息库和储备库等措施,将林业碳汇项目纳入到交易体系中,建立国内碳减排市场。     

A Method for Rapid,Spatially Explicit Habitat Assessment for Forest Songbirds

Abstract

The management of forest ecosystems for sustainabil-ity requires knowledge of the abundance and distribution of all resources, including wood and wildlife, and the ability to predict the impact of management on these resources. Spatially explicit inventories for wildlife are lacking for the vast majority of species. We propose, with example, a method of rapid habitat assessment which can be conducted with available data to produce a spatially explicit inventory of habitat for a species. Information from the literature and some census data were used to construct a simple model of potential habitat for a boreal forest songbird. Available spatial data, including landcover from Landsat TM data, and a digital elevation model, were used to map the distribution of key habitat characteristics onto the landscape. We argue for the development of these preliminary wildlife habitat models using habitat characteristics that are map-pable with currently available remotely sensed data. Given the current trend toward the development of large scale databases of topography and extant land cover, spatially explicit potential habitat models can be efficiently and inexpensively developed to provide a framework for incorporating wildlife habitat into forest management. The relationships between rapid habitat assessment, long-term studies, monitoring, and population viability analysis are discussed.     

Estimating the biomass and carbon pool of stump systems at a national scale

Countries that are signatories to the UNFCCC and its supplementary Kyoto Protocol are obliged to report changes in carbon pools. These should include the pool of carbon held in tree stumps and roots but, to date, few countries have been able to report this or separate it from the dead-wood pool. The aim of this study was to develop a general system for estimating and monitoring changes in stump system carbon using data from a traditional National Forest Inventory. The system was derived using data based on measurements of carbon (biomass) in inventoried permanent sample plots representing all relevant classes of land-use. With this design it was possible to trace matched carbon at the level of individual trees or stumps back to land-use prior to the 1990 baseline year. Between 1990 and 2003 in Sweden, the average annual net sink of stump systems was estimated to amount to 6.7 Mt CO₂ equiv. year⁻¹ – comparable to the reported net sink in 2008 of about 15 Mt CO₂ equiv. year⁻¹ from the whole Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry sector, which excluded any carbon in stump systems. In 2003 the carbon stock of stumps and roots was estimated at 495 Mt CO₂ equiv.; approximately five times that of the dead-wood pool as defined in Sweden, i.e. dead wood that mainly consists of boles. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change requests that reported carbon should be matched to land-use and traced back to the 1990 base year; however, the present study confirms expectations that most carbon in stumps and roots is found on Forest land. The minimum requirements for estimating the carbon pool in stump systems at a national scale using the proposed methodology are that there should be: (i) a consistent time-series of harvest data, usually estimated as merchantable volume; (ii) conversion factors from merchantable volume to stump system biomass at death; and (iii) a representative decomposition model.     

Potential for CO2 emissions mitigation in Europe through prescribed burning in the context of the Kyoto Protocol

The current paper analyses the potential for prescribed burning techniques for mitigating carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from forest fires and attempts to show quantitatively that it can be a means of achieving a net reduction of carbon emissions in the context of the Kyoto Protocol. The limited number of available studies suggests that significant reductions in CO₂ emissions can be obtained and that prescribed burning can be a viable option for mitigating emissions in fire-prone countries. The present analysis shows that the potential reduction attained by prescribed burning as a percentage of the reduction in emissions required by the Kyoto Protocol varies from country to country. Out of the 33 European countries investigated, only in one the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol could potentially be achieved by applying prescribed burning, while three other nations showed a potential net CO₂ emissions reduction of about 4–8% of the Kyoto requirements and the majority showed a reduction of less than 2%. This implies that prescribed burning can only make a significant contribution in those countries with high wildland fire occurrence. Over a 5-year period the emissions from wildfires in the European region were estimated to be approximately 11 million tonnes of CO₂ per year, while with prescribed burning application this was estimated to be 6 million tonnes, a potential reduction of almost 50%. This means that for countries in the Mediterranean region it may be worthwhile to account for the reduction in emissions obtained when such techniques are applied.     

《名古屋议定书》对中国林木遗传资源获取的影响

《名古屋议定书》是由《生物多样性公约》衍生出的一个关于生物遗传资源利用的约定, 它的签署对遗传资源大国和利用遗传资源大国在资源利用所产生惠益的分配上将起到积极的指导和规范作用。文中从林木遗传资源的视角探讨了《名古屋议定书》将对国内资源获取的影响。我国林木遗传资源是按所有权属分部门管理, 按经营方式有国有、集体和个人等形式。目前, 国内还没有针对遗传资源获取与惠益分享的法律法规。议定书的签署将有助于促进我国林木遗传资源法律法规的制订与完善, 促进林木遗传资源保护和获取更加规范, 有效遏制林木遗传资源的非法流失, 促进林业新品种培育与保护更加完善和增加林木遗传资源提供者的收入。中国是重要的林木遗传资源提供国, 同时又是遗传资源使用国。但是, 我国在生物技术和产业研发方面尚处于起步阶段, 短时间内难以达到发达国家遗传资源保护与利用的水平, 因此建议"适时核准"。