5种魔芋部分生物学特性比较研究

[目的]比较分析不同品种魔芋(Amorphophallus konjac)的部分生物学特性,为魔芋资源的综合利用以及亚热带低海拔地区魔芋大规模种植提供科学依据和理论基础。[方法]通过田间对比试验,对5种魔芋[湘芋一号(湖南)、白魔芋(云南)、花魔芋(湖北)、野生种L-01、野生种M-01]在亚热带低海拔地区的生育期、植株性状、块茎形状、抗性以及产量等进行比较。[结果]这5种魔芋在株高、叶柄、叶片、生育期、产量、生长系数、抗逆性以及块茎品质上均存在较大差异。其中新品种湘芋一号的抗病性、抗逆性最强,产量最高;L-01次之;花魔芋在低海拔地区高温季节患软腐病严重;白魔芋生长缓慢,但其生长系数最大;M-01出芽率低,抗逆性差。[结论]湘芋一号魔芋值得在亚热带低海拔地区进行推广种植。     

Effects of continuous and alternate administration of β‐glucan and mannan‐oligosaccharide on the growth,immunity and resistance against Vibrio splendidus of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

A 4‐week growth trial was conducted to compare the effects of different feeding strategies of dietary immunostimulants on the growth, immunity and resistance against Vibrio splendidus of sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka). Six feeding strategies were set, including feeding immunostimulants‐free diet continuously (control), feeding dietary β‐glucan (1.25 g kg^?1 diet) continuously, feeding dietary mannan‐oligosaccharides (MOS; 2.00 g kg^?1 diet) continuously, feeding β‐glucan 2 days followed by MOS 5 days alternately, feeding β‐glucan 5 days followed by MOS 2 days alternately and feeding β‐glucan 7 days followed by MOS 7 days alternately. The sea cucumbers fed immunostimulants showed higher specific growth rate (SGR) and lower cumulative mortality than control (P < 0.05). When sea cucumbers were fed with β‐glucan continuously, total coelomocytes counts and superoxide anion were significantly higher than control on the 4th day (P < 0.05). However, these two immune parameters were not significantly higher than those in control after the 18th day (P > 0.05). While sea cucumbers continuously fed MOS, these two immune parameters were not significantly higher than control until the 15th day. All immune parameters of the sea cucumbers fed with β‐glucan and MOS alternately were significantly higher than those in control during the experiment (P < 0.05). The sea cucumbers fed with β‐glucan 7 days followed MOS 7 days alternately showed the highest SGR and second lowest cumulative mortality. It was suggested that this feeding strategy is most suitable for sea cucumbers.     

Dietary supplementation of mannan oligosaccharide on white sea bream (Diplodus sargus L.) larvae: effects on development,gut morphology and salinity tolerance

The influence of dietary mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on the development, gut integrity and quality (in respect of stamina and survivability) of white sea bream Diplodus sargus L. larvae was investigated. White sea bream larvae were held under appropriate rearing conditions and fed Artemia, enriched by A1 DHA Selco^? with the addition or absence of MOS (Bio‐Mos®). The results indicated that larval growth performance and survivability were not affected by the MOS supplementation. Light microscopy revealed that MOS supplementation significantly improved the intestinal morphology by increasing the villi surface area by over 12%. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that MOS supplementation increased the microvilli length by 26% compared with the control. Salinity challenge experiments showed that MOS significantly increased larval stamina and survival in both 0 and 60 mg L^?1 salinity water by 13% and 22.9% respectively. These improvements in the larval quality at the early stages of fish development are important for the efficiency of intensive hatchery production.     

Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharide on the survival,growth, immunity and digestive enzyme activity of freshwater crayfish,Cherax destructor Clark (1936)

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of Bio‐Mos^® as a source of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on the growth, survival, immunity and digestive enzyme activity of freshwater crayfish, Cherax destructor (yabby). A basal diet and another diet with 0.4% of Bio‐Mos^® supplemented to the basal diet were formulated. Each diet was provided to eight yabbies (35.14 ± 0.48 g, initial weight) replicated 3 times in individual 250‐L plastic cylindrical tanks for a duration of 56 days. Each tank was provided with an independent recirculating water system filtered with a biological filtration. Growth parameters such as weight, specific growth rate and average weekly gain of Bio‐Mos^®‐fed yabbies were higher (P < 0.05) than yabbies fed the control diet. Total haemocyte count, granular cells and semi‐granular cells were also higher in the yabbies fed Bio‐Mos^® diet. Protease activity was higher in hepatopancreas, and amylase activity was higher in the guts of yabbies fed Bio‐Mos^® diet. The results implies that supplementation of MOS through Bio‐Mos^® can effectively improve growth and immunological condition of yabbies.     

陕西榆林毛乌素沙地魔芋引种试验

在榆林的毛乌素沙地引种魔芋,经过3年的引种试验,魔芋在该地生长良好、产量稳定,与原产地基本接近,单株平均年增重3倍左右。魔芋在该地能够完成生长发育周期,引种试验初步获得成功。     

魔芋甘露聚糖真空冷冻干燥技术研究

确定了魔芋甘露聚糖湿品的冻结温度即三相点温度,提出了魔芋甘露聚糖真空冷冻干燥工艺的真空度参数和搁板温度参数。为大批量魔芋甘露聚糖真空冷冻干燥生产提供了参考依据     

魔芋甘露聚糖对水果蔬菜保鲜效果研究

主要进行了魔芋甘露聚糖对不同果蔬、食品原料保鲜效果试验,结果表明,魔芋甘露聚糖对果蔬、食品原料有明显的保鲜效果。     

产甘露聚糖酶解淀粉芽孢杆菌的筛选鉴定及产酶条件优化

从海底淤泥中筛选出一株产高活性β-甘露聚糖酶的菌株,经16S rDNA序列分析表明,该序列与解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)的16S rDNA序列同源性为100％,将该菌株命名为Bacillus amyloliquefaciens T27.对该菌株产酶条件进行了优化,以魔芋粉为碳源,酵母粉为氮源,装液量为50 mL,250 r/min、37℃培养24h,发酵液中粗酶活力能达到98.0 U/mL.     

Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides in early weaning diets on growth,survival, fatty acid composition and gut morphology of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata,L.) larvae

Early weaning of marine fish larvae with dry diets delays gut maturation and reduces growth rates. In juvenile and adult forms of several marine fish species, inclusion of dietary mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) improves gut integrity and functionality, but the effects of MOS inclusion in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) larval diets have not been addressed yet. Thus, this study assesses the effects of dietary MOS inclusion on survival, growth performance, gut morphology, feed acceptance and quality of gilthead sea bream larvae. For that purpose, 16 days post‐hatched gilthead sea bream larvae were fed four graded levels of MOS (Biomos^®, Alltech, Nicholasville, KY, USA) in weaning diets as follows: 0 g kg^?1 MOS, 0.5 g kg^?1 MOS, 1.5 g kg^?1 MOS and 2 g kg^?1MOS. Dietary MOS did not affect feed acceptance in gilthead sea bream larvae (P > 0.05). MOS supplementation was correlated in a dose‐dependent way with higher larval survival (P = 0.026). After 15 days of feeding, dietary MOS increased whole larvae (P < 0.01) arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Gilthead sea bream larvae fed 2 g kg^?1 MOS presented higher gut occupation with goblet cells after feeding compared with larvae fed the other dietary treatments. Overall, the results suggest that inclusion of MOS in early weaning diets for gilthead sea bream improves essential fatty acid utilization and may promote growth and final survival.     

贵州山地气候条件对魔芋生长的影响及种植区划

根据魔芋生长发育特性及其对气象条件的要求，结合贵州的气候资料，综合分析和评价贵州魔芋栽培的有利气候资源和不利气候因素，用模糊数学的理论和方法进行气候适宜性分区，提出开发利用魔芋气候资源的建议和获取高产、优质、高效的适用技术。