Reducing water and nitrogen inputs combined with plastic mulched ridge-furrow irrigation improves soil water and salt status in arid saline areas,China

Plastic mulched ridge-furrow irrigation is a useful method to improve crop productivity and decrease salt accumulation in arid saline areas. However, inappropriate irrigation and fertilizer practices may result in ecological and environmental problems. In order to improve the resource use efficiency in these areas, we investigated the effects of different irrigation amounts (400 (I1), 300 (I2) and 200 (I3) mm) and nitrogen application rates (300 (F1) and 150 (F2) kg N/hm²) on water consumption, salt variation and resource use efficiency of spring maize (Zea mays L.) in the Hetao Irrigation District (HID) of Northwest China in 2017 and 2018. Result showed that soil water contents were 0.2%-8.9% and 13.9%-18.1% lower for I2 and I3 than for I1, respectively, but that was slightly higher for F2 than for F1. Soil salt contents were 7.8%-23.5% and 48.5%-48.9% lower for I2 than for I1 and I3, but that was 1.6%-5.5% higher for F1 than for F2. Less salt leaching at the early growth stage (from sowing to six-leaf stage) and higher salt accumulation at the peak growth stage (from six-leaf to tasseling stage and from grain-filling to maturity stage) resulted in a higher soil salt content for I3 than for I1 and I2. Grain yields for I1 and I2 were significantly higher than that for I3 and irrigation water use efficiency for I2 was 14.7%-34.0% higher than that for I1. Compared with F1, F2 increased the partial factor productivity (PFP) of nitrogen fertilizer by more than 80%. PFP was not significantly different between I1F2 and I2F2, but significantly higher than those of other treatments. Considering the goal of saving water and nitrogen resources, and ensuring food security, we recommended the combination of I2F2 to ensure the sustainable development of agriculture in the HID and other similar arid saline areas.     

浅析潇河灌区现状困境与发展出路

潇河流域水资源短缺,供需矛盾加剧,严重影响着潇河灌区的生存与发展,为了摆脱困境,要建立潇河流域机构,统一规划治理,兴建水库,改造灌区内部管理机制,水价改革,成立农民用水户协会。     

Eradicating the invasive topmouth gudgeon, Pseudorasbora parva, from a recreational fishery in northern England

Abstract  An established population of the invasive topmouth gudgeon, Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel), was discovered in a recreational fishery in Northwest England in 2002. As the lake was seasonally connected to a river catchment, providing potential for dispersal, a containment and eradication programme was initiated. Containment involved screening of outfalls and preventing fish movements off site. Eradication involved the fishery being treated twice with a rotenone-based piscicide, in March and April 2005. The mean P. parva density prior to rotenone application was 6.1 m⁻²; following the application, none were recorded. Non-target species in the fishery were removed prior to the application; following rotenone degradation, they were re-introduced and subsequently spawned, with recording of young-of-the-year. This contrasts with 2004 when only young-of-the-year of P. parva were recorded. As the eradication appeared to be successful, the method is considered suitable for use on other populations posing a similar threat of dispersal of the species into rivers and on other invasive fish populations in undesirable locations.     

城市CBD绿地景观规划初探

通过分析CentralBusinessDistrict环境的基本属性和CBD绿色空间的特点,对CBD内部绿地进行了分类,探讨了CBD绿地景观上的规划要求和方法。     

不同水质淋洗与改良剂施用对银北灌区碱化盐土水盐运移的影响

通过土柱模拟试验，开展了不同水质淋洗下磷石膏及其与酸性材料组合施用后对宁夏碱化盐土土壤水盐运移的影响研究。以黄河水、低矿化度农田退水和高矿化度农田退水作为淋洗水源，腐植酸、糠醛渣和硫酸铝作为酸性材料。结果表明：（1）不同水质淋洗下，垂直湿润锋推进深度、累积入渗水量与入渗时间的平方根均呈线性关系，黄河水淋洗下，改良剂组合措施表现最优，而在高矿化度农田退水淋洗下，单施磷石膏措施最优。（2）黄河水和低矿化度农田退水淋洗下，施用改良剂降低了0—50 cm土层土壤电导率，黄河水淋洗下"磷石膏+硫酸铝"处理最低；高矿化度农田退水淋洗下为"磷石膏+腐植酸"和"磷石膏+硫酸铝"处理表现较优；（3）随着淋洗水矿化度的增加，土壤pH降低深度增加，施用改良剂降低了0—30 cm土层的土壤pH，黄河水淋洗下，"磷石膏+硫酸铝"处理表现最优；低矿化度农田退水淋洗下表现为"磷石膏+糠醛渣+硫酸铝"处理最低；高矿化度农田退水淋洗下表现为"磷石膏+糠醛渣"处理最低。（4）黄河水淋洗下，施用改良剂提高了不同深度土壤含水率，不同水质淋洗下，施用改良剂提高了0—70 cm土层深度土壤含水率，而各改良剂之间土壤含水率相差不大。综上所述，针对宁夏碱化盐土的改良，建议黄河水和高矿化度农田退水淋洗下，采用"磷石膏+硫酸铝"组合措施进行土壤改良；低矿化度农田退水淋洗下，采用"磷石膏+糠醛渣+硫酸铝"组合措施进行土壤改良。     

城市扩张对农田景观中非农生境的影响*——以辽宁省沈阳市沈北新区为例

农田景观因其巨大面积和更高的生产力,在全球生物多样性维持,甚至濒危物种的维持中扮演着重要角色。而农田景观中非农生境被蚕食的现象较为突出,尤其城市周边农田景观中更为普遍。本文以沈阳市沈北新区为例,采用景观紊乱度法将其划分为城市、城市边缘区和乡村3个区域,利用GIS技术分析3个区域农田景观中非农生境类型、数量与面积比例,探讨城市扩张对农田景观中非农生境影响程度。结果表明,随着与城市中心距离的增加,由城市、城市边缘区至乡村,非农生境类型呈现逐渐增加趋势,靠近城市中心的非农生境仅有林地,而在乡村区域有草地、林地、水域和农村道路4种类型。非农生境斑块数量比例呈现总体增加趋势,城市平均比例为8.63%、城市边缘区平均比例为17.08%、乡村平均比例为22.48%。非农生境面积比例呈现先增后减的倒"U"字型变化,城市边缘区的非农生境面积比例最高,值为1.93%。非农生境斑块密度呈现先增加、再减少和后增加的变化趋势,城市边缘区的非农生境斑块密度最小。最大斑块指数和聚集度指数呈现先减少后再增加的趋势,城市边缘区的非农生境最大斑块指数和聚集度指数最小。景观形状指数和多样性指数呈现先增加后减少的趋势,城市边缘区景观形状指数和多样性指数最大。总体而言,距离城市中心最近的城市区域受城市化强烈影响后,保留在城市景观之中的农田景观重新建立一种相对稳定的景观格局,残留其间的非农生境类型单一、斑块数量低,斑块较大、形状规则;正在受到城市建设切割的城市边缘区农田景观中非农生境面积比例、景观形状指数和多样性指数表现为虚高,但其斑块密度、最大斑块指数和聚集度指数均较小;距离城市中心最远的乡村区域非农生境受城市化影响较弱,类型趋于多样、斑块数量比例高、景观异质性较高。     

重庆市北碚区景观生态图的编制

景观生态图是以图形的方式客观而概括地反映自然景观生态类型的空间特征。以重庆市北碚区为研究区域,在对北碚区图件及其它资料的研究基础上,加上进一步的野外调查,借鉴前人研究景观生态制图的经验,以遥感影像和一些专题图件为基础数据源,以ArcGIS为平台,将两者有机结合起来,综合制成景观生态图。     

小兴安岭典型农田生产-畜禽养殖系统氮素流动特征

为了解小兴安岭地区农田生产-畜禽养殖系统氮素投入与利用情况,以伊春市带岭区为研究区域,采用物质流分析方法,分析了2007~2015年该区氮素输入、迁移、转化和输出过程,核算了该地区农田生产与畜禽养殖氮素流动通量、流动效率及环境负荷。结果表明：2007~2015年带岭区农田生产系统与畜禽养殖系统单位面积氮素流动通量均呈上升趋势,且在2007~2012年上升幅度较大；畜禽养殖数量、农作物种植结构是影响带岭区氮素流动通量的重要因素；农田生产系统氮素利用率平均为64%,作物能较有效利用氮素；畜禽养殖系统氮素利用率约为19%,存在着较大提升空间；带岭区环境氮负荷呈现逐年增加趋势,畜禽养殖数量增加过快,粪尿氮素损失是环境氮负荷增加的主要原因。建议加强畜禽养殖科学管理,合理控制养殖规模,提高粪尿利用率,同时尽可能减少化肥氮投入,促进农田生产-畜禽养殖系统向高效、可持续方向发展。     

当前我国生态农业建设中有关问题的商榷

本文指出了当前我国生态农业建设中有关的三个问题：即建立和发展环境伦理（或生态伦理）学;持续农业和生态农业的基本内涵是一致的;对已颁发的《生态农业示范区建设技术规范（试行）》提出了修改意见。     

退耕户对补助政策的路径依赖分析——以安定区为例

通过对安定区退耕户对补助政策的依赖性调查,结合路径依赖的含义,分析了退耕户对补助政策路径依赖的表现和影响,提出了相应的对策建议,以降低退耕户对补助政策依赖性。