顾及时滞效应的西南地区植被NPP变化归因分析

随着社会经济的不断发展,近年来西南地区部分区域生态环境日益脆弱。研究气候变化和人类活动影响下植被净初级生产力（Net Primary Productivity,NPP）时空演变特征,可为监测区域植被生长状况及其对驱动因素的响应机制提供理论依据。该研究以2000－2020年MOIDS NPP数据为基础,结合气象、人口密度、夜间灯光和土地利用类型等数据,使用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、多重共线性检验、多元回归分析、残差分析和偏相关分析等研究方法,分析2000－2020年西南地区及各地貌单元植被NPP时空变化特征及对气候变化和人类活动的响应特征。结果表明：1）2000－2020年,除青藏高原植被NPP、气候影响下的植被NPP预测值（Predicted Net Primary Productivity,NPPPre,）和人类活动影响下的植被NPP残差值（Residual Net Primary Productivity,NPPRes）呈微弱波动下降外,其余地貌单元植被NPP、NPPPre和NPPRes均呈较明显的波动上升趋势,其中,四川盆地植被NPP、NPPPre和NPPRes波动上升趋势尤为显著,上升斜率分别为7.14、3.72和3.44 g/(m2·a)。2）研究时段内西南地区气候变化对植被NPP上升的影响整体强于人类活动。气候变化影响下,西南地区约45.18%的区域植被NPP呈显著和极显著上升趋势,而人类活动影响下,该占比仅为18.55%。地貌单元上,气候变化和人类活动影响下,四川盆地植被NPP呈极显著上升和显著上升的比例最高,分别为69.42%和50.75%。3）西南地区整体及各地貌单元植被NPP变化主要受温度类因子的主导,相对湿度和大气压强对西南地区植被生长整体具有抑制作用。4）耕地转化为城镇用地是植被NPP下降的重要原因,而非耕地转化为耕地和非林地转化为林地是植被NPP上升的重要原因。整体上,西南地区植被NPP与人口密度和夜间灯光呈不显著相关关系。地貌单元上,四川盆地植被NPP与人口密度和夜间灯光的相关性最高,即四川盆地植被生长受人为活动的影响强于其他地貌单元。研究结果可为区域植被生长监测、生态环境质量评价和林业生态工程效益评估提供理论依据。     

植被斑块格局对砒砂岩坡面土壤侵蚀强度的影响

选取水力侵蚀极其剧烈的砒砂岩区为研究对象,基于野外径流小区的连续监测试验,采用三维激光扫描、无人机航拍与方差均值比率法相结合,对比分析砒砂岩坡面3种典型自然植被格局(聚集分布、均匀分布、随机分布)下的产流产沙特征与坡面微地形的演变规律。结果表明:(1)均匀分布格局对减缓水力侵蚀条件下砒砂岩坡面土壤侵蚀强度的效果最明显,与裸坡相比,减流率达到64%,减沙率达到72%,土壤流失量最少,为0.05 kg/m²。径流泥沙量之间存在多项式曲线关系,拟合函数为y=-0.0462X²+0.5355X-0.865,R²=0.736。(2)均匀分布格局的侵蚀区面积最小,为12.28 m²;沉积区面积最大,为3.44 m²,土壤侵蚀强度较其他坡面弱,以轻度侵蚀为主。(3)均匀分布格局的径流泥沙量与平均沉积深度之间的相关性较强,与径流量呈显著正相关(p＜0.05),相关系数为0.603;与泥沙量呈极显著正相关(p＜0.01),相关系数为0.771。     

Causes and Effects of Gully Erosion on Agricultural Lands and the Environment

This study was aimed at assessing the causes of the gully erosion and its effects on the agricultural lands in the arid region of southeastern Iran. In this study, we have used geologic maps in scales of 1:50,000 and 1:250,000, aerial photographs on a scale of 1:20,000, field observation, and GPS (global positioning system). Three soil samples were taken from 25, 50, and 75% of the gully length at each location and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), cation exchange capacity (CEC), calcium (Ca), and soil texture. The causes of gully erosion, its effects on agricultural lands, characteristics of the gullies, soil depth, and vegetation of each area were evaluated. The results show that several parameters, including poor rangeland vegetation cover, overgrazing, human activities, intensive and short-period rainfall, improper land use, improper irrigation design, improper discharge of water in the channels, and soil characteristics influence the gully erosion. Gully erosion causes severe damage to agricultural lands, including soil loss, increase in surface runoff, lower soil water-holding capacity, lower quality and quantity of water, lower groundwater table, and lower agricultural production. It increased migration from villages to cities and increased socioeconomic problems and poverty. It also caused substantial damages to construction sites such as bridges, roads, and settlements as well as rivers and reservoirs and increased sediment concentration in rivers.     

Estimation of Water Content in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Soil Based on Remote Sensing Data–Vegetation Index

In this study, a suitable and near-real-time water status monitoring approach for winter wheat before harvest was developed with remotely sensed satellite data. Seven vegetation indices were extracted as remote-sensing parameters by making full use of the land surface reflection and land surface temperature transmitted by moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. The correlation of each vegetation index and measured values of winter wheat and soil water contents in different crop growth periods was established. The simulation models, combining vegetation index, soil water content (SWC), and plant water content (PWC) in different winter wheat growth periods, were constructed to predict water content by using remote-sensing data. We found that the correlations between the difference vegetation index (DVI) and the perpendicular vegetation index (PVI) in the beginning of the stem elongation period with SWC were highly significant (P < 0.01); the correlation between the global environmental monitoring index (GEMI) in the ear emergency period and SWC was highly significant (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the correlation between the PVI in maturing period and SWC was highly significant (P < 0.01). Data of different coefficients of vegetation indices and PWC in different winter wheat growth periods illustrated that correlation between the DVI in the beginning of stem elongation period and PWC was highly significant (P < 0.01), while the correlation between the PVI in the maturing period and PWC was highly significant. Our results indicated that spatial and temporal vegetation indices were closely related to soil moisture and winter wheat water content in Wenxi County, Shanxi Province (P. R. China). The vegetation index is conceptually and computationally straightforward and may be used in prediction of environmental hydrological status.     

1984－2017年洪泽湖湿地植被覆盖度变化及对水位的响应

为揭示洪泽湖湿地植被覆盖度变化状况,探讨其变化趋势,并分析植被覆盖度与水位的相关关系。本文基于1984－2017年间42期的TM/ETM+/OLI数据,采用像元二分模型估算洪泽湖湿地植被覆盖度,分析研究区域近34年来植被覆盖度的整体特征及动态变化趋势。利用归一化差异水体指数提取洪泽湖的水体信息,同时结合植被覆盖度与其对应的水位监测数据,运用统计分析的方法构建洪泽湖四季的植被覆盖度－水体面积－水位关系模型。结果表明：(1) 研究时段上,洪泽湖湿地的整体植被覆盖度呈略微降低的趋势,中高和高植被覆盖区主要分布于研究区域的西北部及南部。(2) 1984－2017年间,洪泽湖的植被覆盖情况以退化为主,退化面积约为576.1km2,其中不显著退化(82.3%)所占比重最大。(3) 整体上看,研究区的植被覆盖度、水体面积与水位呈极显著性相关,根据三者关系模型得出四季的最适宜水位为春季12.3m、夏季12.9m、秋季12.1m和冬季12.2m。研究结果可为洪泽湖湿地生态环境的科学管理提供理论支撑与技术参考。     

Effects of naturally recovered vegetation on chemical speciation of Mn in gold-tracesmining wasteland,northeastern China

应用BCR连续提取法,以大兴安岭漠河县胭脂沟典型采金迹地4种自然植被群落类型为研究对象,研究了不同植被群落类型对土壤锰元素4种化学形态的影响。结果表明：大穗薹草--玉蝉花群落、兴安柳--白桦群落、兴安落叶松群落和樟子松群落土壤弱酸可提取态锰平均含量占该群落总量的比例分别为36.25%、36.63%、31.04%和43.39%;可还原态锰平均含量占总量的比例分别为30.71%、32.98%、36.80%和27.28%;可氧化态锰平均含量占总量的比例分别为9.07%、7.10%、8.30%和7.13%;残渣态锰平均含量占总量的比例分别为23.97%、23.28%、23.86%和22.20%。通过因子分析表明：大穗薹草--玉蝉花群落对锰难分解形态固持效果好,且对土壤弱酸可提取态锰含量积累较高;兴安柳--白桦群落对锰难分解形态固持效果差,且对土壤弱酸可提取态锰含量消耗较大;樟子松群落对土壤弱酸可提取态锰含量积累程度最高,且有利于锰难分解形态向着对植物有效的形态转化;兴安落叶松群落对土壤弱酸可提取态锰含量消耗最大,且对锰难分解形态活化程度低。此研究结果可为采金迹地人工恢复植被过程中筛选植物提供参考。     

基于树木年轮的呼图壁河流域草地归一化植被指数重建

利用天山北坡中部呼图壁河流域6个标准化年表,结合NOAA/AVHRR-NDVI资料提取研究区1981—2001年生长季草地各月最大INDV(归一化植被指数)值。结果表明:当年生长季草地最大INDV与树木年轮指数有较好的相关关系,夏末、秋初草地月最大INDV与树轮指数的相关性较好。将呼图壁河流域草地9月最大INDV与相关较好的3个标准化年表序列进行多元回归分析,重建了研究区1662—2001年9月草地最大INDV值,重建方程的相关系数达到0.86,重建值对实测值的方差解释量分别为73.0%,达到0.000 012的显著性水平,重建结果是可靠的。     

水生植被对湖滨湿地水环境净化效果及影响因素分析

[目的]分析研究洪泽湖湖滨地区植物群落对湿地水环境的净化效果,为该区生态修复提供参考依据。[方法]以洪泽湖湿地国家级自然保护区典型湖滨带为研究对象,通过对该区的水草区和无草区环境特征进行野外调查,并结合室内试验,测定湖泊湿地水体的营养盐(N和P)、化学需氧量(COD)及透明度(SD)含量的变化,定量分析水生植被在生长过程中对湖泊湿地生态系统中水环境的净化效果,并对其可能存在的影响因素进行探讨。[结果]水生植被对洪泽湖湿地水环境中TN、TP、COD、Chla的去除作用及对SD含量变化有较明显的影响。水生植物之间的竞争可以抑制藻类的生长,减轻水体的富营养化情况。[结论]该试验为研究洪泽湖湖滨带生态修复及增强其自净能力提供理论依据。     

基于Landsat影像稀疏植被斑块格局对降水响应

【目的】古尔班通古特沙漠稀疏植被斑块格局是水分稀缺的荒漠区对降水在地表的表现。【方法】基于年降水量变化特征,选择1990年TM影像、2001年ETM+、2010年TM影像和2015年OLI遥感影像为数据源,结合1990~2015年蔡家湖气象站逐年的降水数据,计算古尔班通古特沙漠南缘的植被盖度、斑块面积、斑块数量、斑块密度,分析不同植被盖度、面积变化趋势,探讨年降水量对植被盖度、斑块面积、数量、密度的影响。【结果】1990~2015年,植被盖度总体呈减少趋势,其中二级植被面积明显增加(1 089.557 km²),增幅为20.154%,一、三、四级植被面积略有减少,减幅分别为-98.752%、-61.581%、-96.889%。随着降水量的增加,斑块数量,密度增加,破碎程度变小,植被盖度增加。【结论】1990~2015年古尔班通古特沙漠南缘稀疏植被盖度随年降水的变化总体呈退化-好转-退化趋势。年降水量变化与稀疏植被盖度、斑块面积、数量、密度均呈正相关关系。