非洲菊切花弯茎影响因素研究进展

非洲菊（Gerbera jamesonii）切花采后易出现弯茎现象,造成瓶插寿命缩短,观赏价值下降。非洲菊弯茎的发生受到其内在因素和外界环境的综合调控。从非洲菊花茎组织结构、物质代谢、导管堵塞、植物激素等方面对弯茎影响因素进行了综述,并在此基础上对进一步探讨弯茎影响因素之间的联系及其分子调控机制提出了展望。     

Resistance to a highly aggressive isolate of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in a Brassica napus diversity set

Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) of oilseed rape (OSR, Brassica napus), caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a serious problem in the UK and worldwide. As fungicide‐based control approaches are not always reliable, identifying host resistance is a desirable and sustainable approach to disease management. This research initially examined the aggressiveness of 18 Sclerotinia isolates (17 S. sclerotiorum, one S. subarctica) on cultivated representatives of B. rapa, B. oleracea and B. napus using a young plant test. Significant differences were observed between isolates and susceptibility of the brassica crop types, with B. rapa being the most susceptible. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates from crop hosts were more aggressive than those from wild buttercup (Ranunculus acris). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates P7 (pea) and DG4 (buttercup), identified as ‘aggressive’ and ‘weakly aggressive’, respectively, were used to screen 96 B. napus lines for SSR resistance in a young plant test. A subset of 20 lines was further evaluated using the same test and also in a stem inoculation test on flowering plants. A high level of SSR resistance was observed for five lines and, although there was some variability between tests, one winter OSR (line 3, Czech Republic) and one rape kale (line 83, UK) demonstrated consistent resistance. Additionally, one swede (line 69, Norway) showed an outstanding level of resistance in the stem test. Resistant lines also had fewer sclerotia forming in stems. New pre‐breeding material for the production of SSR resistant OSR cultivars relevant to conditions in the UK and Europe has therefore been identified.     

矮紫金牛扦插技术初探

在冬季和春季取矮紫金牛枝条的不同部位作插穗,进行留叶量及生根粉的不同处理方式对插穗生根影响的试验。试验结果表明,矮紫金牛在春季取枝条的基部和中部作插穗,并且把叶片全部摘去,然后把插穗基部先用生根粉水剂浸0.5 h,再浆上含有生根粉的泥浆进行扦插,插穗的生根较快、生根数较多以及成活率较高。     

Resistance against Botrytis cinerea in smooth leaf pruning wounds of tomato does not depend on major disease signalling pathways

In high‐tech, heated tomato glasshouses, stem infections caused by Botrytis cinerea usually end up girdling the stem, resulting in plant death and consequently high economic losses. Such infections originate primarily from wounds created during leaf pruning, a common cultural practice in which it is intended to remove leaves completely, resulting in smooth stem wounds. However, hasty leaf pruning often results in numerous petiole stubs accidentally left behind. In this study analysis of disease incidences clearly proved that pruning leaves flush to the stem resulted in absolute resistance of the stem wounds, whereas petiole stubs displayed a high level of susceptibility to B. cinerea. Postponing inoculation of wounds after pruning indicated that development of nearly complete resistance occurs within 48 h after deleafing. Monitoring of the wound wetness period showed that drying of the wound surface is not the cause of the decreased susceptibility, contrary to what was commonly believed. Tomato mutants deficient in disease signalling showed altered phenotypes for susceptibility to B. cinerea, indicating that defences against this pathogen in petiole stubs depend on ethylene signalling. Additionally, the decreased susceptibility of mutants deficient in the biosynthesis of jasmonates and abscisic acid suggest an antagonistic effect of these signal molecules. On the other hand, resistance of smooth stem wounds could not be altered by disruption of salicylic acid, ethylene, jasmonate or abscisic acid signalling. This indicates that this remarkable absolute resistance to B. cinerea does not depend on the major disease signalling pathways.     

模拟降雨条件下谷子和冬小麦植株对降雨再分配过程的影响

以谷子（ Setaria italica）、冬小麦（ Triticum aestivum Linn 。）为研究对象,利用人工模拟降雨测定了不同降雨强度和生长阶段两种作物植株的穿透雨,采用人工喷雾法测定了不同生长阶段的冠层截留,根据水量平衡法计算了不同观测阶段的茎秆流。结果表明：谷子、冬小麦冠层对降雨的再分配作用显著,谷子冠下穿透雨率平均约为79％,茎秆流率平均约为20％,冠层截留率平均约占1％;冬小麦冠下穿透雨率平均约为79％,茎秆流率平均约为19％,冠层截留率平均约占2％。在其全生育期内,两种作物冠下穿透雨与茎秆流呈彼此消长趋势。穿透雨量和茎秆流量与降雨强度呈显著正相关关系,但是穿透雨率和茎秆流率与降雨强度的关系不显著。茎秆流量和冠层截留量及其二者占总降雨量的比率均与作物叶面积指数呈显著正相关关系,但穿透雨量及穿透雨率随叶面积指数增加呈显著下降趋势。     

扦插基质和生根剂处理对滨梅嫩枝扦插生根的影响

通过不同扦插基质、不同生根剂及其浓度与浸泡时间对滨梅嫩枝扦插生根效果影响的试验,结果表明,复合基质对滨梅扦插的效果优于单一基质,3种生根剂对滨梅插条生根率的影响顺序是ABT1＞IBA＞NAA,插条在生根剂中的浸泡时间对生根效果有显著影响。试验筛选出滨梅嫩枝扦插的最佳方案是:珍珠岩∶进口泥炭=1∶2的复合基质,用1 000 mg·L^-1 ABT1浸泡插条基部8 min,扦插40 d后的生根率平均达到89.1%。     

古侧柏组织培养研究

以陕西省黄陵县轩辕庙院内千年树龄黄帝手植柏（古侧柏）嫩枝为外植体进行茎段组织培养试验研究。经过初代培养和继代增殖培养,研究了不同植物生长调节剂种类及浓度、活性炭在组培各阶段的作用,并测定不同年龄段侧柏组织培养前后的硝酸还原酶活性。结果表明:最适启动培养基为1/2MS+6-BA 0.2 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L+椰乳100 mL/L,适宜的继代培养基为1/2或1/4MS+ 6-BA 0.4 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L+椰乳100 mL/L;活性炭对增殖无显著作用;古侧柏组织培养后硝酸还原酶活性可达到幼嫩水平。     

不同干燥失水方式对牧草营养品质影响的研究

以内蒙古温带典型草原羊草、紫花苜蓿和混合种为研究对象,分析了不同干燥失水方式对不同刈割期牧草营养品质的影响.结果表明,从粗蛋白质、胡萝卜素营养上看,以人工快速干燥失水方式最佳,其次为风干失水方式,平摊晒干失水方式最差;从可溶性糖营养上看,以人工快速干燥失水方式最佳,其次为平摊晒干失水方式,风干失水方式最差.     

哺乳动物成体干细胞的研究进展

干细胞具有自我更新能力,能够产生高度分化的功能细胞。干细胞按照发育阶段分为胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞。根据干细胞的发育潜能分为三类：全能干细胞、多能干细胞和单能干细胞。胚胎干细胞的发育等级较高,是全能干细胞,而成体干细胞的发育等级较低,是多能或单能干细胞。一般认为成年组织或器官内的干细胞具有组织特异性,只能分化成特定的细胞或组织,然而,研究结果表明,组织特异性干细胞同样具有分化成其他细胞或组织的潜能,这为干细胞的应用开创了更广泛的空间。作者主要综述了干细胞的研究进展及几种成体干细胞的诱导分化。