利用基础导入系分析粳稻基因的遗传效应

 【目的】为了有效地评价粳稻等位基因在籼稻遗传背景中的遗传效应，为籼粳亚种间优良基因的利用提供理论和实践依据。【方法】以粳稻品种日本晴（Nipponbare）为供体亲本、籼稻品种珍汕97B（Zhenshan 97B）为受体亲本，经过杂交、回交，结合分子标记辅助选择，构建了88个基础导入系, 每个导入系具有相同的籼稻遗传背景，且只含有一个或少数粳稻的导入片段，每个导入系的导入片段叠加起来能覆盖整个粳稻的染色体。利用基础导入系群体进行单株产量、有效分蘖数、千粒重和每穗实粒数的数量性状基因（QTLs）定位和遗传效应分析。【结果】共检测到29个具有显著遗传效应的位点（QTLs）。其中6个QTL具有正向的加性效应和超显性效应，其余23个QTL具有负向的加性效应和超显性效应。【结论】一些粳稻基因导入到籼稻中能表现出不同程度的增产效应；超显性效应对水稻籼粳杂种优势起重要作用。     

川麦42中源于人工合成小麦的一个高产位点鉴定

人工合成小麦是改良现代小麦的重要基因资源。川麦42是人工合成小麦与普通小麦杂交育成的高产、抗条锈、广适小麦新品种。利用小麦全基因组的1029个SSR标记扫描,检测了川麦42遗传背景中人工合成小麦导入位点,并利用川麦42与四川小麦品种川农16构建的127个重组自交系(RIL, F₈),在4年6个环境下种植获得的农艺性状数据,分析了人工合成小麦导入位点对小麦产量和产量构成因子的遗传效应,在川麦42遗传背景中发现一个高产的人工合成小麦导入位点Barc1183。根据Barc1183分子标记,将RIL群体中的127个株系分为川麦42基因型(具人工合成小麦导入位点)和川农16基因型(具川农16位点)两组,前者的人工合成小麦导入位点能促进分蘖能力,提高有效穗数、每平方米粒数,增加收获指数、籽粒生产率,在4年6个环境下较后者平均增产达8.92%,Barc1183为一高产的人工合成小麦导入位点。利用中国春双端体和硬粒小麦Longdon的D染色体代换系验证,将其定位于小麦4D染色体长臂。川麦42遗传背景中的高产人工合成小麦导入位点Barc1183,对于进一步开展小麦高产育种研究具有重要价值。     

Genetic diversity of cowpea [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna unguiculata</Emphasis> (L.) Walp.] in four West African and USA breeding programs as determined by AFLP analysis

Cowpea is an important grain legume and hay crop of many tropical and subtropical regions, especially in the dry savanna region of West Africa. The cowpea gene pool may be narrow because of a genetic bottleneck during domestication. Genetic variation within specific breeding programs may be further restricted due to breeding methods, ‘founder effects’ and limited exchange of germplasm between breeding programs. Genetic relationships among 60 advanced breeding lines from six breeding programs in West Africa and USA, and 27 landrace accessions from Africa, Asia, and South America were examined using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers with six near infrared fluorescence labeled EcoRI + 3/1bases/MseI + 3/1bases primer sets. A total of 382 bands were scored among the accessions with 207 polymorphic bands (54.2%). Despite a diverse origin, the 87 cowpea accessions shared a minimum 86% genetic similarity. Principal coordinates analysis showed clustering of breeding lines by program origin, indicating lack of genetic diversity compared to potential diversity. Accessions from Asia and the Americas overlapped and were distinct from West African breeding lines, indicating that germplasm from Asia and the Americas have common origins outside West Africa. US and Asian breeding programs could increase genetic variability in their programs substantially by incorporating germplasm from West Africa, while national programs in West Africa should consider introgression of Asian germplasm and germplasm from other parts of Africa into their programs to ensure long-term gains from selection.     

Cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz and wild relatives: Their relationships and evolution

About ninety eight species of Manihot arerecognized. All of them are native to the New world and areconcentrated in four regions of diversity in Brazil and CentralAmerica. All the Manihot species so far examinedhave 2n = 36 chromosomes. Interspecific hybrids betweencassava and its wild relatives show relatively regular meiosis, andfurther generations can be obtained. Electrophoresis shows affinityamong species of different sections, and between some of them andcassava. Both polyploidy and apomixis may have contributed tospeciation in this genus. Polyploidy offered genetic variabilitywhile apomixis is responsible for perpetuating new hybrid typesadapted to different environments. Cassava may have originated byhybridization between two wild Manihot speciesfollowed by vegetative reproduction of the hybrid.     

Introgression from Durum Wheat Landraces in Wild Emmer Wheat (Triticum Dicoccoides (Körn. ex Asch. et Graebner) Schweinf)

Introgression was detected within wild emmer wheat population in Jordan during the year 2000. Wild emmer wheat was found to occur in non-disturbed habitat, very close to cultivated durum wheat in northern parts of Jordan, and it was found in cultivated durum wheat in southern parts of Jordan. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) test was constructed to assess natural introgression occurrence within wild emmer wheat population. Associated durum wheat land races from the vicinity of durum wheat fields were also collected. Shannon Diversity Index for wild emmer wheat populations was 0.46 and for durum wheat landraces was 0.45. The percentage of polymorphic loci for wild emmer wheat populations was 92.6. The close genetic distance between certain wild emmer wheat populations and durum wheat landraces provided proofs that massive introgression has occurred.     

不同水分环境条件下小麦IL群体产量相关性状遗传和关联性分析

干旱是限制小麦产量形成的重要非生物胁迫因子,研究小麦产量相关性状的抗旱遗传特性对小麦抗旱遗传改良具有重要意义。以小麦回交导入系(IL)群体((晋麦47×西峰20)×晋麦47)BC3F4的160个株系及其亲本为材料,研究不同水分环境条件下株高(PH)、穗下节长(PL)、单株穗数(SPP)、穗长(SL)、单株小穗数(TSP)、单株总粒数(GNP)、主穗小穗数(SMS)、主穗粒数(GMS)、千粒质量(TGW)和小区产量(GY)的遗传特点及相互关系,评价群体性状的遗传变异。结果表明:在不同水分环境条件下,小麦IL群体各目标性状表型偏向于轮回亲本晋麦47,变异广泛,多样性指数达0.74～0.97,且存在超亲分离,总体呈尖顶峰的负偏态分布。在4种水分环境条件下,小麦IL群体的PH、PL和TGW表现出较高的遗传力(h2B=0.48～0.81),其他性状遗传力较低(h2B=0.27～0.73)。性状之间普遍表现为不同程度的正相关,在干旱胁迫条件下,TGW和PH分别与小区产量有较高的相关性和关联度。该群体适合进行抗旱性状数量遗传研究。     

东乡野生稻渐渗系基因组结构变化及多样性分析(英文)

[目的]研究东乡野生稻渐渗系基因组结构变化及对其进行多样性分析。[方法]以东乡野生稻(O.rufipogon Griff.,供体)和栽培稻协青早B(O.sativa sp.indica Kato.,受体)构建的BC1F6渐渗群体为研究材料,利用筛选出的分布在12对染色体上的25对SSR引物对群体中的239个株系进行多态性分析。[结果]适25个微卫星位点都有东乡野生稻DNA片段不同程度的渗入,群体均大部分保留亲本协青早B或东乡野生稻的DNA序列。渐渗系基因组中平均受体纯合条带百分率为78.13%,最高达94.98%(引物为RM131),最低为60.25%(引物为RM171)。平均供体纯合条带百分率为13.37%,最高达32.64%(引物为RM171),最低为2.93%(RM1095)。群体中还存在一些杂合位点,平均杂合率为5.62%,最高达10.04%(引物为RM401)。此外,BC1F6渐渗群体中发现有双亲条带的丢失和一些双亲所没有的新条带出现,其中平均亲本条带丢失率为2.88%,最高达13.39%(引物为RM311),最低为0(引物为RM401),平均新带率为1%。高世代渐渗群体平均Nei’s基因多样性(He)和平均Shannon’s信息多样性指数(I)分别为0.276和0.457。[结论]通过远缘杂交渐渗系发生了广泛遗传与表观遗传变异,扩大了遗传变异基础,为水稻品种改良与种质创新奠定了重要基础。     

利用ISSR标记分析黄山松与马尾松的基因渐渗

采用ISSR分子标记分析了马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和黄山松(Pinus hwangshanensis)的渐渗,遗传距离和聚类分析结果均表明:马尾松和黄山松在垂直分布重叠区内存在基因渐渗现象;在高海拔的地区渐渗群体趋向黄山松,在低海拔地区渐渗群体趋向马尾松。     

大麦染色体1H至7H外源基因渗入系的构建及其分析

以96对SSR引物对BC₃F₂群体进行辅助筛选,构建了一组基本覆盖野生大麦ISR42-8染色体,并导入轮回亲本Scarlett的1H~7H全基因组的外源基因渗入系,为大麦QTL精细定位提供了良好的作图群体。这组渗入系一共66个,目标片段平均长度为27.6 cM,最长的系IL-52片段长度为100.5 cM,最短的系IL-50片段长度为1.5 cM。含单个渗入片段的有33个系。聚类分析结果表明,66个渗入系的遗传背景高度相似,遗传相似系数变幅为0.708~1.000,平均值为0.917。检测到一个位于4H染色体87.5 cM到110.0 cM区间的分蘖相关QTL,长度为22.5 cM,其中包含多态标记MGB396。     

Introgression of resistance to reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) into upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) from Gossypium arboreum and a G. hirsutum/Gossypium aridum bridging line

Gossypium hirsutum L. is the predominant cotton of commerce and all cultivars of this species are susceptible to the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis. To introgress resistance to R. reniformis into the tetraploid 2(AD₁) G. hirsutum, a resistant diploid A₂-genome Gossypium arboreum accession (A₂-190) was crossed with a hexaploid 2((AD₁)D₄) bridging line (G 371) to obtain a tetraploid triple-species hybrid. The triple-species hybrid was back-crossed to G. hirsutum and a population of 277 BC₁ individuals was produced. The BC₁s and controls were assayed in growth chambers for resistance to R. reniformis. Fortuitously, the hexaploid bridging line G 371 was also found to be resistant to R. reniformis. The BC₁ segregated 3:1, resistant:susceptible, indicating that resistance was conferred by dominant genes at two different loci, with each originating from a distinct germplasm source. This study demonstrated that it is possible to introgress and pyramid genes for resistance to R. reniformis in G. hirsutum.