What genetics tell us about the conservation of the critically endangered Balearic Shearwater?

The Balearic shearwater Puffinus mauretanicus is one of the most critically endangered seabirds in the world. The species is endemic to the Balearic archipelago, and conservation concerns are the low number of breeding pairs, the low adult survival, and the possible hybridization with a sibling species, the morphologically smaller Yelkouan shearwater (P. yelkouan). We sampled almost the entire breeding range of the species and analyzed the genetic variation at two mitochondrial DNA regions. No genetic evidence of population decline was found. Despite the observed philopatry, we detected a weak population structure mainly due to connectivity among colonies higher than expected, but also to a Pleistocene demographic expansion. Some colonies showed a high imbalance between immigration and emigration rates, suggesting spatial heterogeneity in patch quality. Genetic evidence of maternal introgression from the sibling species was reinforced, but almost only in a peripheral colony and not followed, at least to date, by the spread of the introgressed mtDNA lineages. Morphometric differences were not correlated with mtDNA haplotypes and introgression is probably due to a secondary contact between the two species several generations ago. Overall, results suggested that the very recent demographic decline in this critically endangered species has not yet decreased its genetic variability, and connectivity found among most colonies should help to reduce species extinction risk. Spreading of introgression should be monitored, but the species is not jeopardized at the moment by genetic factors and the major conservation actions should concentrate at enhancing adult survival.     

水稻高世代回交导入系耐盐性的遗传研究

水稻是一种对盐敏感的作物，盐分是限制水稻产量的主要因子之一。本研究利用广泛推广种植的杂交籼稻的亲本珍汕97（ZS97）和测序粳稻品种日本晴（Nipponbare）杂交、回交构建的导入系，对水稻的耐盐性进行遗传研究。用88份导入系作苗期盐胁迫（0．3％氯化钠）处理试验，发现6份导入系的耐盐性同受体亲本ZS97有显著差异，其中5份导入系耐盐，1份对盐敏感。图示基因型分析表明5份导入系中含有少数外源导入片段及耐盐相关的基因。     

Comparative genetic diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum–Triticum polonicum</Emphasis> introgression lines with long glume and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum petropavlovskyi</Emphasis> by AFLP-based assessment

Genetic diversity of a set of introgression lines of Triticum aestivum L./T. polonicum L. with long glume and T. petropavlovskyi Udacz. et Migusch. were analyzed by Amplified Fragments Length Polymorphism (AFLP). Small-scale bulk breeding method was applied throughout until F₆ generation to develop the introgression lines. Thirty-eight hexapolid F₇ plants with long glume phenotype and their parents were subjected to AFLP analysis by four primer combinations. A total of 47 polymorphic loci were detected between the parents, 15 of them were introgressed across the 38 lines. It was hypothesized that approximately 50% of A or B genomes associated polymorphic loci were introgressed. The variation of introgression lines was limited within the diversity between their parents, T. aestivum L. cv. Novosibirskaya 67 (N67) and T. polonicum L. cv. IC12196. N67 was closer to 38 introgression lines than that of IC12196. The UPGMA cluster and principal coordinate analysis (PCO) grouping showed 0.84 to 0.98 similarity values between N67 and the introgression lines. Eleven T. petropavlovskyi accessions were distinguished from introgression lines with UPGMA clusters and PCO groupings, and T. petropavlovskyi was located between the introgressions lines and IC12196. Several introgression lines resembled with T. petropavlovskyi for awning and glume length. The genetic variation among 38 introgression lines was much wider than that of T. petropavlovskyi. We concluded that T. petropavlovskyi was established by intensive selection of hybrid between T. aestivum/T. polonicum.     

染色体单片段代换系的构建及应用于QTL精细定位

染色体片段代换系(Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines,CSSLs),又称为代换系(Substitution lines,SLs)或导入系(Introgression lines,ILs)。只含一个代换片段的代换系,即单片段代换系(Single Segment Substitution Lines,SSSLs)是理想的代换系。单片段代换系只有代换片段与受体亲本不同,其它遗传背景与受体亲本完全一致,对代换区段中的QTL进行分析时遗传背景干扰很小,有利于QTL的分析,不少学者利用单片段代换系材料对许多QTL进行了鉴定和精细定位,并克隆了一些重要性状的QTL。本文介绍了染色体单片段代换系构建的原理和利用微卫星标记(SSR）进行单片段代换系鉴定的方法,讨论了代换系构建过程中值得注意的问题,并对用染色体单片段代换系进行QTL精细定位做了展望。     

旱稻导入系碾磨品质和垩白粒率的QTL定位及其与土壤水分的互作分析

以优质水稻品种越富为遗传背景,具有旱稻品种IRAT109导入片段的271份导入系为材料,在水、旱田2个土壤水分环境下调查糙米率、精米率、整精米率和垩白粒率4个品质性状,研究旱田栽培对稻米品质性状的影响,进行QTL定位及基因型与环境的互作分析。结果表明,整精米率和垩白粒率易受土壤水分环境的影响,糙米率和精米率相对稳定。适当水分胁迫能提高稻米的整精米率,减少垩白粒率。利用混合线性模型,水、旱田条件下共检测到4个品质性状的10个加性QTL和2对上位性互作QTL,分别位于第3、4、7、8和9染色体。3个加性QTL (qMR9、qHMR7和qHMR9)和一对上位性互作QTL (qHMR3~qHMR9)的贡献率大于10%。7个QTL与前人研究结果相一致。第4染色体RM1112~RM1272和第9染色体RM1189~RM410是QTL集中分布的区域。根据不同性状对干旱胁迫的反应特点,分别选择水、旱田条件下贡献率大、稳定的QTL或者具有旱田特异性的QTL,进行标记辅助聚合育种是培育抗旱、优质稻的一个有效途径。     

利用高世代回交群体对大豆小粒性状的基因型分析及QTL定位

利用野生型大豆ZYD00006（供体亲本）与主栽品种绥农14（轮回亲本）所构建的高世代回交导入系,经过严格的百粒重筛选鉴定,得到43个百粒重性状明显小于轮回亲本的导入系个体。利用这套选择群体结合随机对照群体和基因型分析,通过基于遗传搭车原理的卡方分析,检测到分布于7个连锁群上的9个与大豆小粒性状相关的QTL位点,对小粒性状表现为正效应,为大豆小粒性状分子辅助育种提供有用的分子标记。     

High level of resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in introgression lines derived from hybridization between wild crucifers and the crop Brassica species B. napus and B. juncea

Sclerotinia rot caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most serious and damaging diseases of oilseed rape and there is keen worldwide interest to identify Brassica genotypes with resistance to this pathogen. Complete resistance against this pathogen has not been reported in the field, with only partial resistance being observed in some Brassica genotypes. Introgression lines were developed following hybridization of three wild crucifers (viz. Erucastrum cardaminoides, Diplotaxis tenuisiliqua and E. abyssinicum) with B. napus or B. juncea. Their resistance responses were characterized by using a stem inoculation test. Seed of 54 lines of B. napus and B. juncea obtained from Australia, India and China through an Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) collaboration programme were used as susceptible check comparisons. Introgression lines derived from E. cardaminoides, D. tenuisiliqua and E. abyssinicum had much higher levels (P < 0.001) of resistance compared with the ACIAR germplasm. Median values of stem lesion length of introgression lines derived from the wild species were 1.2, 1.7 and 2.0 cm, respectively, as compared with the ACIAR germplasm where the median value for stem lesion length was 8.7 cm. This is the first report of high levels of resistance against S. sclerotiorum in introgression lines derived from E. cardaminoides, D. tenuisiliqua and E. abyssinicum. The novel sources of resistance identified in this study are a highly valuable resource that can be used in oilseed Brassica breeding programmes to enhance resistance in future B. napus and B. juncea cultivars against Sclerotinia stem rot.     

药用野生稻-栽培稻渗入系后代卷叶表型的遗传分析

[目的]根据药用野生稻-栽培稻渗入系后代卷叶表型遗传分析,分析定位控制水稻叶型的相关基因。[方法]构建药用野生稻-栽培稻渗入系后代卷叶的分离群体,并对后代分离群体进行SSR多态性分析。[结果]该群体受一对不完全显性卷叶基因控制;初步判断卷叶个体表型产生的原因是野生稻基因片段的渗入所致;并将该群体的卷叶基因初步定位在第5号染色体分子标记RM305和RM173之间。[结论]得到了一个具有新来源的新基因,为进一步对新型卷叶基因的克隆和分子手段调控机理研究奠定了基础,同时为应用分子手段调控叶形来改良株型而提高水稻生产效益的设想提供材料。     

晋麦47背景回交导入系的遗传选择与性状分析

为深入研究小麦抗旱相关性状的遗传基础,以旱地品种晋麦47为轮回亲本、水地品种鲁麦14为供体亲本构建的导入系(ILs)为材料,在雨养和灌溉两种条件下考察穗下节和穗部农艺性状,利用56对在双亲间表现多态性的SSR标记引物对BC3F4导入系群体的150个株系进行遗传选择,分析筛选后的148个导入系遗传背景及性状相关性.结果表明,ILs群体中有两个株系分别在2个、13个标记住点的基因型不同于双亲,ILs群体的晋麦47基因型回复率达94.38%.在两种水分条件下ILs群体多数性状表现超双亲.性状变异系数在2.34%～127.11%之间,性状均值偏向轮回亲本晋麦47;ILs群体灌溉条件下的每穗总小穗数(TNS)极显著大于雨养条件下的,与鲁麦14相似.除穗顶部不育小穗敷(SST)外,其余性状在两种水分条件下均呈极显著正相关(r=0.221～0.555).ILs群体穗下节长(FIL)和旗叶叶枕至德基部长(LPSB)的遗传力均较高,大于0.5975;穗顶部不育小穗数(SST)、穗基部不育小穗数(SSB)的遗传力均较低,小于0.4638,说明小穗结实卒易受环境水分条件影响.     

Gene flow between introduced and native Eucalyptus species

The first evidence of in situ F₁ hybridisation between an introduced eucalypt plantation species, Eucalyptus nitens, and a native eucalypt species is presented. Open-pollinated seed was collected from a mature E. nitens trial and from the adjacent native species, E. ovata and E. viminalis on the island of Tasmania. Nearly 70 000 seedlings were grown to a size at which hybrids could be clearly distinguished from pure species seedlings on the basis of morphology and a nearly species-specific isozyme allele. Hybridisation was observed between E. nitens and E. ovata, but no hybrids involving E. viminalis were found. This pattern of hybridisation was consistent with the flowering time overlap between the E. ovata and E. nitens. Eucalyptus nitens progenies displayed a low and relatively homogeneous level of hybridisation, averaging 0.15% per tree. In comparison, the proportion of hybrids obtained from the adjacent E. ovata trees varied from 0.04 to 16% per tree. Whether progeny arising from such hybridisation will survive and grow in nature to allow for backcrossing and introgression of the exotic genes into the native population is not yet known.