NORMAL XERORADIOGRAPHIC AND RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE MALLARD DUCK (ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS) WITH REFERENCE TO OTHER ANSERINE SPECIES

The purpose of this study was to provide a reference for xeroradiographic and conventional radiographic anatomy of the mallard duck ( Anas platyrhynchos ) as a representative of the avian Order Anseriformes. The head, body, wing, and pelvic limb of three adult birds were radiographed using xeroradiographic and conventional radiographic techniques. Nine xeroradiographs and their corresponding conventional radiographs were selected, and the xeroradiographs labeled to illustrate normal anatomy. Selected views of other anseriform species were included to illustrate certain anatomical features unique to those species.     

试论林业企业内部审计理论中的几个问题

林业企业内部审计是企业内部控制的重要环节之一,它具有间接性、综合性、覆盖性。内部审计的权威是相对的,它对不同管理层次监督是有差异的。林业企业内部审计与外部审计的主要区别为:前者审计范围广,多为连续审计,便于进行效益审计;后者范围窄,多为期末审计,独立性强。内部审计与内部牵制构成了内部控制的核心内容。事前审计的可靠性取决于预测,是一种不确定性控制。事后审计是一种稳定性控制,综合运用二者则会相得益彰。     

ARTERIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE ABDOMINAL AORTA IN THE GOAT, DOG, PIG, AND RABBIT

Arteriographic anatomy of the major branches of the abdominal aorta of rabbits, dogs, pigs, and goats was investigated. The origin and location of the celiac, cranial mesenteric, right renal, left renal, caudal mesenteric, and external iliac arteries were demonstrated, and their placement was described in relation to the iliac bifurcation and lumbar vertebral bodies.     

NONHUMAN PRIMATE EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY*

Survey radiographs have not accurately identified renal contour or location in nonhuman primates. Excretory urography using 786 to 1193 mg iodinelkg body weight resulted in dense opacification of the renal parenchyma and pelvis. Abdominal compression improved visu- alization of the renal pelvis. Interpretation of the nonhuman primate excretory urogram was compromised by several anatomic characteristics of this animal group. Superimposition of the kidneys on the lateral radiograph limited evaluation of the renal contour. Since the renal pelvis in most species of nonhuman primates does not possess diverticula (as in the dog and cat) or a caliceal system (as in the pig and man), the diagnosis of pyelonephritis or renal mass lesions was difficult. Severe irregularities in the renal contour, size of the renal pelvis, or areas of deficient concentrating ability were identifiable in nonhuman primate excretory urograms, but the diagnosis of small cysts was not possible in smaller nonhuman primates. The presence of a caliceal collecting system in the spider monkey (Ateles sp.) suggests this animal as a potential model for the evaluation of human renal disease.     

黄斑星天牛中枢神经系统的形态解剖

黄斑星天牛(Anoplophora nobilis G.)中枢神经系统由脑、食道下神经节及腹神经索组成,腹神经索位于消化道的腹面,包括胸部和腹部的神经节及纵贯各神节的神经索。幼虫脑体小而简单,前、中、后脑分化不明显;胸部具三对神经节,腹部具七对神经节。成虫脑体发达,前、中、后脑分化明显;胸部三对神经节明显大于腹部神经节,且神经分支较幼虫增多增粗;腹部具三对神经节,与幼虫比较有愈合现象。蛹的神经系统与成虫基本相同。     

Quantitative analysis of animal model lens anatomy: accommodative range is related to fiber structure and organization

Purpose The results of a recent study on accommodation in humans and baboons has revealed that lens fiber structure and organization are key components of the mechanism of accommodation. Dynamic focusing involves the controlled displacement and replacement, or realignment, of cortical fiber-ends at sutures as the mechanism of accommodation at the fiber level. This emended explanation of the mechanism of accommodation raises the following question: as the structure of crystalline lenses are only similar, not identical between species, is accommodative amplitude related to differences in the structure and organization of fibers between species? To address this question, we have quantitatively examined the structure and organization of fibers in a number of the more commonly used animal models (mice, cattle, frogs, rabbits and chickens) for lens research. Materials and methods Lenses (a minimum of 12–18 lenses/species) from mice, cattle, frogs and rabbits were used for this study. Prior to fixation for structural analysis, measurements of the gross shape of the lenses (equatorial diameter, anterior and posterior minor radii [anterior + posterior minor radius = polar axis]) were taken directly through a stereo surgical dissecting microscope equipped with an ocular reticle. Lenses were then prepared for and examined by light (LM), transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Scale computer-assisted drawings (CADs) of lenses and lens fibers were then constructed from quantitative data as described above and from quantitative data contained in micrographs. Results The differences in fiber structure and organization that effect accommodative range arise early in development and are continued throughout lifelong lens growth. In umbilical suture lenses (avian) secondary fibers develop with almost completely tapered anterior ends (85–90% reduction of their measures of width and thickness at the equator). By comparison, in lenses with line sutures (e.g. frogs and rabbits) secondary fibers develop with just a 50–60% reduction in anterior fiber taper. In lenses with Y sutures (mice and cattle), fiber width taper is only 25–40%. However, in all cases, while the taper of the posterior end width of fibers is just slightly less (approx. 15–20%) than that of anterior ends, posterior end thickness is only reduced by one half that of anterior thickness. Conclusions In humans, the mechanism of accommodation at the fiber level involves the controlled realignment of very flattened and flared, rather than tapered fiber-ends at sutures. In this manner, the simultaneous increase in lens thickness and surface curvature in the accommodated state is the result of fiber-ends being overlapped along multiple (9–12) suture branches covering the majority of the anterior and posterior surfaces. The results of this animal study strongly suggest that accommodative range is directly related to quantitative differences in fiber structure and organization in the different suture types. The very broad accommodative range in birds is made possible, at least in part, by the almost complete tapering of fiber-ends at umbilical sutures. In contrast, the essentially negligible accommodative range of animals that have line- and Y-suture lenses is at least partially the result of the fact that these lenses have fibers with very little end taper. Thus, the blunt ends of fibers in line- and Y-suture lenses precludes any significant overlap of end segments to effect accommodation.     

观光农业园中游人行为与景观的关系研究——以深圳某观光农业园为例

主要以行为心理学为理论基础,通过对深圳某观光农业园进行实地调查,观察游人在园中的分布情况及所进行的活动,分析游人的行为倾向和其发生的背景环境之间内在的关系,以探讨观光农业园吸引游人的景观元素,了解游人潜在的行为需求,对以后观光农业园的景观设计如何更好地满足游人的行为需求有所帮助。     

景观文化与文化景观

立足于人文科学角度,阐述了景观文化与文化景观的内涵,并从构成、类型、特征的角度对二者进行比较分析,认为从构成角度看,文化景观可以狭义地理解为构成景观文化的非物质部分;从类型上看,各种类型的文化景观都有其对应的景观文化;从特征上看,景观文化与文化景观都具有地域性、独立性、包容性、积累性、传承性,不同的是景观文化的滞后性、稳定性和文化景观的不稳定性。论证了景观文化和文化景观的本质关联、发展关联、共生关联和互转关联,将景观文化和文化景观从本质上看做一个不断发展的开放理论体系,指出二者的不一致性是在历史发展过程中形成的,"人"的因素始终贯穿其中,并认为在一定条件下,文化景观与景观文化是可以相互转换的。     

黑纹粉蝶Pieris melete Ménétriès生殖系统

【目的】研究黑纹粉蝶Pieris melete Ménétriès生殖系统的解剖学结构,以期发现更多的分类特征,为其所属类群乃至粉蝶亚科的系统发育分析提供依据。【方法】于2009-2010年夏季分别在浙江临安和陕西秦岭采集黑纹粉蝶成虫,在MODEL SZX2-ILLK型显微镜下观察雌虫和雄虫内、外生殖器的解剖结构,运用QImaging Retiga 2000R CCD数码相机进行照相,用图像叠加软件Automontage进行图像合成,描述其特征。【结果】黑纹粉蝶雌虫外生殖器包括交配囊及其附属结构、导精管、表皮突和肛突;内生殖器包括1对卵巢、1对侧输卵管、1根中输卵管、受精囊、附腺以及外生殖腔。雄虫外生殖器包括阳具、抱握器及其支持结构;内生殖器包括1个睾丸、2条输精管、1对贮精囊、开口于阳茎基部的射精管和附腺。【结论】黑纹粉蝶的卵巢两侧不对称,一侧的4根卵巢管直接合并,另一侧则是相邻的2根卵巢管先分别聚成一支,然后2支再聚合,与中输卵管相接。     

越南香枝木解剖构造及物理力学性能研究

确定了越南香枝木中文名为越南黄檀。对越南香枝木的构造特征进行解剖研究,并测试了越南香枝木主要的物理力学性能。结果表明,越南香枝木密度大,干缩率中等,抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量高、端面硬度高。此外,比较了越南香枝木与海南香枝木的构造特征,结果显示两者之间管孔、木射线与轴向薄壁组织差异较为明显,可以作为鉴别依据。