广东省生态环境胁迫综合评价研究

生态环境胁迫是指对维持生态系统稳定或良好演变的各种不利因素,是指示和预测某个生态系统或区域生态环境状况的重要因素。已有的生态胁迫研究主要集中在植物生理角度,区域性生态环境胁迫侧重于定性的评价,缺乏综合性定量评价。从人类活动和自然变化两方面来选取8小类共计20项指标,构建区域生态环境胁迫评价体系,运用主成分分析法、Z 分数法和综合指数法,以期对广东省生态环境胁迫2000要2010年的格局和变化情况进行综合性的定量评价。结果表明：过去10年,广东省人类活动胁迫呈加重的态势,2000年人类活动胁迫指数为546.23,2005年为880.62袁2010年为1 225.47,4个片区的人类活动胁迫指数也在增加,10年间各片区胁迫指数从大到小排名均为珠三角>粤东>粤西>粤北,各市中受人类活动胁迫最大的为深圳市,最小的为河源市;全省自然灾害胁迫呈先增加后减少的趋势,粤西呈一直减少趋势,粤北呈逐渐增加趋势,珠三角呈现先增加后减少的趋势,而粤东呈先减少后增加的趋势,各市自然灾害发生面积较大的代表城市为湛江市,较小的为深圳市。     

水果流通模式与竞争力评价研究——以广东省为例

当前国内水果流通逐渐形成了以批发商、龙头企业、连锁超市和电商为核心的4种模式。对4种模式的特点与结构进行分析,从销售能力、成本与费用、安全性、公平性以及损耗等5个方面建立水果流通模式的竞争力评价体系。通过专家调查,对广东省水果流通情况进行具体评价,评价结果显示,广州应该大力发展水果电子商务,促进水果的网络销售,推动水果产业的发展。     

村改社区建设绩效评价指标及其应用——基于社区居民的视角

从居民的视角构建村改社区建设绩效评价指标体系既是居民作为社区管理主体的基本要求,也是社区建设“以人为本”原则的具体体现。该指标体系的构建有助于分析和评价村改社区当前建设成果,并进一步明确社区后续建设目标与方向,同时也为社区制定发展对策提供决策依据。在文献研究与专家咨询的基础上构建了以物质环境、社区制度、居民行为、精神归属、身份角色认同为一级指标的评价体系,并以天津越秀园社区作为应用基础,运用层次分析法与模糊综合评价相结合的方法进行了评价。数据分析结果显示整体得分较高,尤其是在社区物质环境建设方面,这一方面说明居民对社区建设效果整体是满意的;另一方面也表明社区建设各相关方对村改社区的重视与投入。另外,数据中也反应出社区在软性建设方面还存在不足,尤其是居民对社区制度及规范的接受与执行还有待进一步提升,针对此情况提出建立利益与体验相结合的动员机制以及压力与示范相结合的约束机制的改善建议。     

绿豆抗旱指标鉴选与评价

采用人工盆栽控水试验,对21份绿豆种质资源进行抗旱期综合评价,鉴选绿豆品种抗旱性指标体系。结果表明,与绿豆抗旱性相关的10个指标经主成分分析被分为3个主成分,其中茎高、茎粗、结荚数、叶面积、叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量与绿豆抗旱性密切相关。采用聚类分析,并结合绿豆隶属函数法综合分析,将21份绿豆品种分成：强抗旱品种为‘良丰1号’、‘HX04037’和‘榆绿1号’,中抗旱性品种为‘嫩绿1号’、‘兴绿1号’、‘天山大明绿’、‘西绿1号’、‘绿宝绿豆’、‘赤绿3号’、‘白绿1号’、‘中绿1号’、‘晋绿1号’、‘八宝绿豆’、‘中绿6号’、‘鑫绿1号’和‘HX04050’,弱抗旱性品种为‘冀北12-1号’、‘绿珍珠2号’、‘ZKY-2’、‘白绿522’和‘邯绿8号’。     

拉萨河流域高寒湿地水质影响因子分析

西藏高寒湿地在生态平衡、生态建设和经济社会发展中发挥着重要作用。本文以西藏拉萨河流域内各个典型高寒湿地为研究对象,通过系统聚类法和综合污染指数法,对流域内各项水质指标进行综合分析和评价。结果表明:各个湿地的总N、Cu元素含量都超出了Ⅰ类水质标准;总P、Zn没有超标;Mn元素含量除了塘嘎郭湿地超标3倍外,其他均小于国家标准;Fe元素含量除了塘嘎郭湿地超标7倍外,其他均小于标准。总N、总P、pH值、Cu、Fe等因子对拉萨河流域内各个高寒湿地水质污染贡献最大。拉萨河水体有机污染较重,其余各个湿地有水体富营养化的趋势,同时流域内湿地独特的自然因素造成该流域内重金属污染偏高。对策建议包括应加大对城市污水的治理,加强流域内及周边矿藏资源的开发管理等。     

高校思想政治理论课认知状况实证研究——以安徽农业大学为例

思想政治理论课“教师难教、学生厌学”已是不争的事实。通过大规模问卷调查,以最新数据统计分析了“90后”大学生对高校思想政治理论教育教学及课外访谈教学实践的认知评价状况。面对调查中存在的思想政治理论课程、教材、教法等方面的问题,必须通过夯实办学条件、培育高素质教师队伍、加快课程建设、丰富教材内容、创新教学方法、完善考核办法等具体途径,才能从根本上突破思想政治理论教育教学瓶颈,真正提高思想政治理论教育的实效性。     

大数据时代农村信息服务的实例研究

大数据时代,建立农村信息服务体系对促进农村经济发展和提高农民收入,加快农业现代化,推动农村城市化意义非常重要。本文分析了北京地区北臧村镇农业信息服务的工作现状,揭示了存在的问题,采用李克特量表和农村信息服务综合评价指标体系进行调研和量化分析,并针对农业信息服务提出了改进建议。     

试论高校图书馆的绩效评价

论述了高校图书馆绩效评价的定义和意义,指出高校图书馆绩效评价存在的问题,确定绩效评价的方法,并说明高校图书馆的绩效评价重点将会向电子资源的评价倾斜。     

Residential movements of top predators in Chile’s most isolated marine protected area: Implications for the conservation of the Galapagos shark,Carcharhinus galapagensis,and the yellowtail amberjack,Seriola lalandi

1. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are becoming a widely used tool for the conservation of biodiversity and for fishery management; however, most of these areas are designed without prior knowledge of the basic ecological aspects of the species that they are trying to protect.
2. This study investigated the movement of two top predators: the Galapagos shark, Carcharhinus galapagensis, and the yellowtail amberjack, Seriola lalandi, in and around the Motu Motiro Hiva Marine Park (MMHMP) using MiniPAT satellite tags to determine the effectiveness of this MPA for the protection of these species.
3. The Galapagos sharks (n = 4) spent most of their tag deployment periods inside the MMHMP. However, high intraspecific variability was observed in their movement dynamics. Daily individual maximum movements ranged from 17 to 58 km and the maximum distance from Salas y Gómez Island, the only emergent island within the MMHMP, ranged from 31 to 139 km.
4. The maximum linear distance travelled for a female juvenile Galapagos shark (152 cm total length) was 236 km, which is greater than the maximum distance previously documented for juveniles of this species (<50 km).
5. For the yellowtail amberjack (n = 1), 91% of the satellite geolocations were within the MMHMP, with a maximum daily distance travelled of 6 km. The maximum distance travelled between points was 111 km and the maximum distance from Salas y Gómez Island was 62 km.
6. All archival tagged fish spent most of their time at depths of <50 m and never left the epipelagic zone. Daytime versus night-time differences were pronounced in all individuals but showed high interindividual variability.
7. This study provides a baseline on the movement of these two top predators in the MMHMP and provides valuable insights for the creation of MPAs in the region and elsewhere.

     

Long-term catch trends and risk assessment of the Critically Endangered white-spotted wedgefish (Rhynchobatus djiddensis) from South Africa

1. The white-spotted wedgefish (Rhynchobatus djiddensis) is a Critically Endangered shark-like ray in the family Rhinidae. Throughout its Western Indian Ocean distribution, it is targeted for its valuable meat and fins and is reported to have undergone major population declines. However, there remains a need for species specific time-series data to accurately assess localized population declines.
2. This study used two independent long-term (37 and 40 years) time-series catch data from competitive shore angling and shark nets to investigate the size composition and catch per unit effort (CPUE) and conduct a risk assessment for the population on the east coast of South Africa.
3. From 1977 to 2017 the competitive shore fishery captured 7,703 individual R. djiddensis, whilst shark nets in the same region captured 2,856 individuals from 1981 to 2017. Individuals captured in the nets had a sex ratio of 1.8:1 females to males, and were larger than those caught by the anglers. Although the mean annual sizes of net-caught individuals were above the size of reported sexual maturity, there was little evidence to suggest that any individuals captured were reproductively active.
4. Both the competitive shore fishery and shark net catches exhibited strong seasonal trends with the majority of R. djiddensis catches occurring from October to May peaking in austral summer. Standardized CPUE from the competitive shore fishery declined substantially between 1977 and 2017 and shark net catches exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) fourfold decline in annual nominal CPUE from 1981 to 2017.
5. Ultimately, a risk assessment showed a 65.1% decline in abundance over a period of three generation lengths, which indicates that the sampled population of R. djiddensis in South Africa should be classified as Endangered according to the IUCN Red List using criterion A2b. The conservation implications of this are discussed.