甜菜霜霉病的防效试验

对3种高效低毒的杀菌剂（72％锰锌·霜脲、50％烯酰·吗啉和69％锰锌·烯酰可湿性粉剂）与常规药剂50％多菌灵及清水处理应用于甜菜霜霉病进行防效试验,3种高效低毒的杀菌剂防治效果达90％以上,可延长甜菜功能叶片生命力,增产15.1％～31.5％,效果明显.     

Breaking seasonal limitation: year-round sporogenesis in the brown alga Laminaria saccharina by blocking the transport of putative sporulation inhibitors

Year-round induction of sporogenesis of Laminaria saccharina was performed by mechanically blocking the transport of the putative sporulation inhibitors produced by the blade meristem and culturing the plants in constant short days. Sporogenesis was successfully induced by removal of the blade meristem, either by cultivating distal blade fragments or by performing a transverse cut in the frond. The earliest sorus formation after artificial induction was 10 days. The age of the sporophytes used for induction was 6–11 months or 2 years in tank-grown or field-collected sporophytes, respectively. Zoospores were successfully released in all cases. Thus, by year-round artificial induction of sporogenesis, (1) sporeling production of L. saccharina and thereafter sporophyte cultivation could be achieved without seasonal limitation, and (2) the life cycle of L. saccharina (from spore to spore) could be completed within 8 months under controlled conditions.     

Growth of the fourspine sculpin <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cottus kazika</Emphasis> in the Gonokawa River,Japan, and effects of water temperature on growth

ABSTRACT:   The fourspine sculpin Cottus kazika is indigenous to Japan and found in Honshu except for the waters facing the Seto Inland Sea, and was also found in southern Shikoku and eastern Kyushu. This species has a catadromous lifestyle and migrates as juveniles from the sea to the middle reaches of rivers to grow. The growth pattern of this fish was investigated by a mark-and-recapture method from July 1994 to December 1996, in the Nigorikawa River, a tributary of the Gonokawa River system, Shimane Prefecture. 0-year-old fish of 50–70 mm total length ( TL ) occurred in the study area from June to July, grew to 90–140 mm  TL by the following April, and attained 160–210 mm  TL by December. This fish grew rapidly in September–November and April–July, almost ceasing to grow in July–September. It seems that this stagnant growth phase in summer is a characteristic of the seasonal growth pattern of C. kazika . A rearing experiment indicated that the growth rate of C. kazika was higher at 16–22°C than at 12–14 and 24–26°C. This result supports the field evidence of a stagnant growth phase in summer in the Nigorikawa River.     

Effects of urban parks on the local urban thermal environment

Air temperatures in and outside of 60 parks in Taipei city were surveyed to study the effect of different urban parks on their surrounding thermal gradients. Results suggest that the factors governing the temperature of park surroundings are not identical to those of park interiors. Air-temperature gradients surrounding urban parks are influenced by both the horizontal transport of cool or warm air mass above parks and the evapotranspirative air-parcels from trees, creating a cool island larger than the boundaries of cool-island parks, a heat-island larger than the boundaries of strong heat-island parks, and a cool-ring outside weak heat-island parks. Such horizontal air movement is not easily detected using remotely sensed data. During daytime, the thermal environment within a park is dominated by the amount of solar input absorbed by unshaded paved area, which, when strong, can overflow to increase the temperatures of park surroundings; at night, despite park trees causing a warming effect inside parks, park surroundings are cooled by horizontal flow of evapotranspirative air-parcels from park trees. In business and other districts used mostly during daytime, it is recommended that parks and other open spaces be designed with less than 50% paved area and at least 30% trees, shrubs, and other shadings. In residential districts that are used mostly during nighttime, parks and other open spaces are recommended to be designed with more trees. Night irrigation, a measure commonly recommended for the conservation of water, is also recommended to further enhance this nighttime cooling.     

不同复合肥在辣椒上的肥效试验

为了筛选出成本低、肥效高的复合肥,本研究以辣椒为试验材料,进行了5种复合肥田间试验。试验结果表明:澳特尔复合肥(N、P、K配比为25∶10∶16)和洋洋复合肥(N、P、K配比为20∶10∶10)对辣椒生长效果最好,产量最高,比对照处理1分别增产14.6%和11.2%,达到极显著水平。此两种复合肥可以在同等肥力条件下大面积推广使用。     

DNA疫苗在动物疾病预防中的研究进展

DNA疫苗的出现是疫苗研究史上重大事件,被誉为疫苗研究的第三次革命。DNA疫苗既能激发机体的细胞免疫,也能诱导特异性的体液免疫,在预防和治疗细菌、病毒、寄生虫等感染性疾病等方面具有广阔的应用前景。利用DNA疫苗预防动物疾病是DNA疫苗发展的一个重要方面,并且在一些重大动物疾病预防研究上取得许多突破。可以肯定,随着人们对DNA疫苗免疫机制深入理解以及提高其诱导特异性免疫应答水平经验的积累,DNA疫苗定会在预防动物各种疾病方面发挥巨大作用。     

橡胶树树干注输营养液施肥法成效初探

采用树干注射输液法在老龄RRIM600橡胶树上进行相同配比不同浓度的营养液注输施肥试验。连续注输营养液2个月和4个月后分别对各试验处理后橡胶树胶乳的产量和叶片中养分元素含量进行定量分析。结果显示：在本试验条件下,树干注输营养液施肥法对橡胶树的胶乳产量没有显著的影响,但有助于提高橡胶树叶片中营养元素含量。相同配比不同浓度的营养液连续注输2个月后橡胶叶片中大部分养分元素含量均有一定程度的增长,连续注输4个月后各试验处理的差异开始显现。输液后叶片中养分元素增长量最大的溶液配比浓度为：尿素0.1 g/L,磷酸二氢钾6.81 mg/L,硫酸钾50.6 mg/L,硫酸镁34.5 mg/L,硫酸铜1 mg/L,硫酸亚铁1.39 g/L,硫酸锰2 mg/L,硫酸锌1 mg/L,硼酸2 mg/L。     

几种杀虫剂对豆大蓟马的毒力测定及复配增效作用

豆大蓟马是海南冬种豇豆的重要害虫,严重影响豇豆产品质量和商品价值。本文采用离心管药膜法,测定了毒死蜱、阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、吡虫啉和啶虫脒等6种杀虫剂对豆大蓟马的毒力,并测定了甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐与其它5种杀虫剂复配的增效作用及最佳配比。结果表明:供试药剂对豆大蓟马毒力(LC50)大小顺序为:甲维盐(0.000 5 g/L)阿维菌素(0.056 1 g/L)毒死蜱(0.125 3 g/L)高效氯氰菊酯(0.165 4 g/L)啶虫脒(0.228 3 g/L)吡虫啉(19.803 5 g/L);以甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐与毒死蜱复配的共毒系数为776;甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐与毒死蜱配比为1∶9时的共毒系数为1 733。本研究为开发豆大蓟马防治药剂和田间化学防治提供了基本资料。     

不同种类真菌多糖对小麦黄矮病的防治效果

为了筛选小麦黄矮病的真菌多糖防治药剂及其适宜浓度,将云芝、灵芝、虫草等13种真菌多糖稀释成0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0g·L-1溶液,以清水为对照,比较分析了叶面喷施真菌多糖对小麦黄矮病的预防和治疗效果,同时对防效好的1.1%云芝葡聚糖(多糖)与常规植物抗病毒药剂的田间防效进行了比较。结果表明,13种真菌多糖对小麦黄矮病的预防作用都显著高于治疗作用,且真菌多糖间和浓度间差异均显著,其中云芝多糖1.0g·L-1、云芝多糖2.0g·L-1、蜜环菌多糖2.0g·L-1、灰树花多糖2.0g·L-1、猪苓多糖2.0g·L-1的预防效果分别为86.88%、86.58%、86.33%、86.04%和85.97%。1.1%云芝葡聚糖800倍液为适宜喷施浓度,其防效64.27%,保产22.70%,说明云芝多糖是一种有前途的新型小麦黄矮病免疫抑制剂。